A atitude dos progenitores perante o cyberbullying que os seus filhos e as suas filhas vivem
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30827/relieve.v28i2.24075Palavras-chave:
cyberbullying, menores, mediação parental, internetResumo
Este artigo descreve a perceção que os progenitores espanhóis têm sobre situações incómodas vividas pelos seus filhos e pelas suas filhas na Internet, tais como o cyberbullying, sofrido ou perpetrado pelos seus filhos e pelas suas filhas. E analisa a sua relação com conflitos familiares, a capacidade de ajuda, a resiliência da criança e a estratégia de mediação parental de monitorização ou a iniciada pelo menor. Baseia-se nos resultados de um inquérito desenvolvido pela rede europeia de investigação EU Kids Online, aplicado a famílias espanholas em 2019. A amostra de 850 pais e mães com filhos ou filhas de 9-17 anos é representativa a nível nacional. Os resultados mostraram que as famílias subestimam o cyberbullying sofrido pelos seus filhos e pelas suas filhas. Quatro em cada dez progenitores acreditam que os seus filhos e as suas filhas têm capacidade para lidar com estas situações, especialmente quando chegam à adolescência. A perceção do cyberbullying está relacionada com situações de conflito que vivem com os seus filhos e as suas filhas. Observa-se uma mediação inversa, iniciada pelos próprios adolescentes, que comunicam aos seus progenitores situações desagradáveis que sofreram online, mas não entre as crianças mais novas dos 9 aos 12 anos, que são as que menos comunicam e mais prejudicadas. Conclui-se a necessidade da alfabetização digital para ensinar a utilizar a Internet de forma segura. A educação sobre a utilização da Internet e a promoção do diálogo com os seus filhos poderá impedi-los de se envolverem em comportamentos de risco na Internet.
Downloads
Referências
Anar y Mútua Madrileña Fundaciones. (2018) III Estudio sobre acoso escolar y ciberbullying según los afectados. https://www.bienestaryproteccioninfantil.es/fuentes1.asp?sec=10ysubs=491ycod=3699ypage
Bartau-Rojas, I., Aierbe, A., & Oregui, E. (2020). Mediación parental del uso de Internet desde una perspectiva de género. Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa, 22,1-14. https://doi.org/10.24320/redie.2020.22.e02.2075
Buelga, S. (2013). El cyberbullying: Cuando la red no es un lugar seguro. In E. Estévez (Ed.), Los problemas en la adolescencia: Repuestas y sugerencias para padres y profesionales (pp.121-140). Síntesis. https://www.sintesis.com/manuales-practicos-109/los-problemas-en-la-adolescencia-libro-1799.html
Buelga, S., Cava, M. J., & Musitu, G. (2012). Reputación social, ajuste psicosocial y victimización entre adolescentes en el contexto escolar. Anales de Psicología, 28(1), 180-187. https://revistas.um.es/analesps/article/view/140652
Burgess, J., & McLoughlin, C. (2012). Investigating cyberbullying: emerging research and e-safety strategies within families and communities.Communities, Children and Families Australia, Volume 6, Issue 1, June 2012. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.303496391868437
Cohen-Almagor, R. (2018). Social responsibility on the Internet: Addressing the challenge of cyberbullying. Aggression and violent behaviour,39,42-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.01.001
Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., Monks, H., Lester, L., & Thomas L. (2009). Australian covert bullying prevalence study (ACBPS). https://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/australian_covert_bullying_prevalencestudy_executive_summary.pdf
Dedkova, L., & Smahel, D. (2019). Online Parental Mediation: Associations of Family Members’ Characteristics to Individual Engagement in Active Mediation and Monitoring. Journal of Family Issues. Vol. 41 (8) 1112–1136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19888255
Dedkova, L., Smahel, D., & Just, M. (2020). Digital security in families: the sources of information related to the active mediation of internet safety and parental internet skills. Behaviour y Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2020.1851769
Del Rey, R., Estévez, M., & Ojeda, M. (2018). El ciberbullying y su respuesta educativa. En Jiménez, Garmendia, Casado, Entre selfies y whatsapps. Oportunidades y riesgos para la infancia y la adolescencia conectada, (125-139). Gedisa. https://www.gedisa.com/gacetillas/500464.pdf
Düerager, A., & Livingstone, S. (2012). How can parents support children’s Internet safety? EU Kids Online, LSE. https://bit.ly/3636fK8
Dürager, A., & Sonck, N. (2014) Testing the reliability of scales on parental internet mediation. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/60220
Eden, S., Heiman, T., & Olenik-Shemesh, D. (2014). Bully versus Victim on the Internet: The Correlation with Emotional-Social Characteristics. Education and Information Technologies, 21, 699-713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9348-2
Ergin, D.A., & Kapçi, E.G. (2019). Validity and reliability study of parental mediation for Internet usage scale Adolescent and Parent Forms in the Turkish Sample. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 10(2), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.457218
Estévez, A., Villardón, L., Calvete, E., Padilla P., & Orue, I. (2010). Adolescentes víctimas de cyberbullying: prevalencia y características. Behavioral Psychology /Psicología Conductual, 18(1), 73-89. https://www.behavioralpsycho.com/producto/adolescentes-victimas-de-cyberbullying-prevalencia-y-caracteristicas/
Garmendia, M., Garitaonandia, C., Martínez, G., & Casado del Rio, M.A. (2012) Los menores en internet. Usos y seguridad desde una perspectiva europea Quaderns del CAC, 38, 37– 44. https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/eukidsonline/-/los-menores-en-internet-usos-y-seguridad-desde-una-perspectiva-europea
Garmendia, M., Jiménez, E., Karrera, I., Larrañaga, N., Casado, M.A., Martínez, G., & Garitaonandia, C. (2019a). Actividades, Mediación, Oportunidades y Riesgos online de los menores en la era de la convergencia mediática. Instituto Nacional de Ciberseguridad (INCIBE). http://hdl.handle.net/10810/49632
Garmendia, M., Jiménez, E., & Larrañaga, N. (2019b). Bullying y ciberbullying: victimización, acoso y daño. Necesidad de intervenir en el entorno escolar | Bullying and cyberbullying: victimisation, harassment, and harm. The need to intervene in the educational centre. Revista Española de Pedagogía,77 (273), 295-312 https://doi.org/10.22550/REP77-2-2019-08
Garmendia, M., Martínez, G., Larrañaga, N., Jiménez, E., Karrera, I, Casado, M.A., & Garitaonandia, C., (2020). Las madres y los padres en la convergencia mediática: competencias, mediación, oportunidades y riesgos online. Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU). http://hdl.handle.net/10810/49633
Ghamrawi, N., & Al-Jammal, K. (2013). Cyberbullying in schools: a new technique for an old practice! Leadership awareness versus school reality. Global Advanced Research Journal of Educational Research and Review.Vol.2 (12) pp. 246-253. http://garj.org/garjerr/index.htm
Gómez Ortiz, O., Apolinario, C., Romera, E. M. & Ortega Ruiz, R. (2019). The Role of Family in Bullying and Cyberbullying Involvement: Examining a New Typology of Parental Education Management Based on Adolescents’ View of Their Parents. Social Science, 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8010025
Hasebrink, U., Görzig, A., Haddon, L., Kalmus, V., & Livingstone, S. (2011). Patterns of risk and safety online: In-depth analyses from the EU Kids Online survey of 9- to 16- year-olds and their parents in 25 European countries. Deliverable D5. EU Kids Online, LSE. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/39356/
Helsper, E.J., Kalmus, V., Hasebrink, U., Ságvári, B., & de-Haan, J. (2013). Country classification: Opportunities, risks, harm and parental mediation. EU Kids Online, LSE. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/52023/
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J.W., (2008). Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29, 129-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701457816
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J.W., (2011). Cyberbullying: a review of the legal issues facing educators. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth. 55(2),71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2011.539433
Iranzo, B., Buelga, S., Cava, M. J., & Ortega-Barón, J. (2019). Cyberbullying, psychosocial adjustment, and suicidal ideation in adolescence. Psychosocial Intervention, 28,75-81. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2019a5
Levy, N., Cortesi, S., Crowley, E., Beaton, M., Casey, J., & Nolan, C. (2012). Bullying in a networked era: A literature review. Berkman Center Research Publication, 17. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2012/kbw_bulling_in_a_networked_era
Liu, C., Ang, R. P., & Lwin, M. O. (2013). Cognitive, personality, and social factors associated with adolescents’ online personal information disclosure. Journal of Adolescence, 36(4), 629–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.03.016
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., Levy, N., Cortesi, S., Crowley, E., Beaton, M., Casey, J., & Nolan, C. (2012). Bullying in a networked era: A literature review Ólafsson, K. (2011a). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. Full findings. EU Kids Online: LSE. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33731/
Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A., & Ólafsson (2011b) Technical report and user guide: the 2010 EU Kids Online Survey. LSE, London: EU Kids Online. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/45270/
Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12277
Livingstone, S. & Blum-Ross, A. (2018) Imagining the future through the lens of the digital: Parents’ narratives of generational change. In Papacharissi, Z. A networked self: Birth, life, death. pp. 50-68. Routledge. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/87750/
Livingstone, S. & Blum-Ross, A. (2020). Parenting for a digital future: how hopes and fears about technology shape children’s lives. Oxford University Press. https://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/research-projects/parenting-for-a-digital-future
López-de-Ayala, M.C., Pastor, E.M., & García, B.C. (2019). Nuevas estrategias de mediación parental en el uso de las redes sociales por adolescentes. El Profesional de la Información, 28(5), 17. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.23
Mascheroni, G., & Cuman, A.(2014). Net Children Go Mobile. Final report. Deliverables D6.4yD5.2. Educatt. https://netchildrengomobile.eu/reports
Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., Palladino, B.E., Frisén, A., Berne, S., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Calmaestra, J., Scheithauer, H., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Luik, P., Naruskov, K., Blaya, C., Berthaud, J., & Smith, P.K. (2012). Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: a comparison across six European countries. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking,15 (9), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0040
Mustaqim, M. A., Nizam, M. B., Hakim, M. F., & Hadi, A. A. (2021) Parental awareness over their children’s internet usage: a review. International Journal for Studies on Children, Women, Elderly And Disabled, Vol. 12, 30-35 https://www.ijcwed.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/IJCWED12-25.pdf
Nelissen, S., & den Bulck J.V. (2017), When digital natives instruct digital immigrants: active guidance of parental media use by children and conflict in the family. Information, Communication y Society, 21(3)375-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1281993
Nocentini, A., Fiorentini, G., Di Paola, L., & Menesini, E. (2019). Parents, family characteristics and bullying behavior: A systematic review. Aggression and violent behavior, 45, 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.010
Ortega-Baron, J., Buelga, S., & Cava, M. J. (2016). The influence of school climate and family climate among adolescents victims of cyberbullying. Comunicar, 24(46),57-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/C46-2016-06
Ovejero, A., Smith, P. K., Yubero, S. (Coord.) (2013). El acoso escolar y su prevención: perspectivas internacionales. Biblioteca Nueva. https://www.iberlibro.com/ACOSO-ESCOLAR-PREVENCION-Perspectivas-internacionales-Anastasio/11359731804/bd
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2011). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory. Youth and Society, 43, 727-751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X10366951
Pfetsch, J. (2016). Who is who in cyberbullying? Conceptual and empirical perspectives on bystanders in cyberbullying. In M.F. Wright (ed.) A social-ecological approach to cyberbullying (pp.121–49). Nova Science Publishers. https://novapublishers.com/shop/a-social-ecological-approach-to-cyberbullying/
Prenski, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon. MCB University Press, Vol. 9 No. 5, October. http://portafoli.ub.edu/portfolios/jlrodriguez/4571/last/media/prensky-1.pdf
Ramos-Soler, I., López-Sánchez, C., & Torrecillas-Lacave, T. (2018). Online risk perception in young people and its effects on digital behaviour. [Percepción de riesgo online en jóvenes y su efecto en el comportamiento digital]. Comunicar, 56, 71-79. https://doi.org/10.3916/C56-2018-07
Rideout, V.J., Foehr, U.G., & Roberts, D.F. (2010). Generation M 2: Media in the lives of 8- to 18-year-olds. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED527859
Romera, E.M., Luque-González, R., García-Fernández, C.M. y Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2022). Competencia social y bullying: el papel de la edad y el sexo. Educación XX1, 25 (1), 309-333. https://doi.org/10.5944/educxx1.25.1
Sabella, R. A. (2012). Cyberbullying: How school counselors can help. In J. W. Patchin & S. Hinduja (Eds.), Cyberbullying prevention and response: Expert perspectives. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Cyberbullying-Prevention-and-Response-Expert-Perspectives/Patchin-Hinduja/p/book/9780415892377
Shin, W., & Lwin, M. O. (2017). How does “talking about the Internet with others” affect teenagers’ experience of online risks? The role of active mediation by parents, peers, and school teachers. New Media y Society, 19(7), 1109-1126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815626612
Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S., & Hasebrink, U. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.47fdeqj01ofo
Smith, P. K., & Slonje, R. (2010). Cyberbullying: The nature and extent of a new kind of bullying, in and out of school. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage(Eds.) Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp.249–262). Routledge. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-06797-000
Udris, R. (2015). Cyberbullying in Japan: an exploratory study. International Journal of Cyber Society and Education, Vol.8(2) 59-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/ijcse.1382
Ybarra, M. L., and Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver–child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.03.007
Yiğit, M., Keskin, S. & Yurdugül, H. (2018). Investigating the relationship between cyberbullying and perceived family support in middle-school students in relation to gender, frequency of Internet use, and grade. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addiction, 5, 249–284. http://dx.doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2018.5.2.0050
Yot-Domínguez, C., & Cotán Fernández, A. (2020). Las familias en la investigación sobre el ciberbullying. Edutec. Revista Electrónica de Tecnología Educativa, (73), 140-156. https://doi.org/10.21556/edutec.2020.73.1537
Zlamal, R., Machackova, H., Smahel, D., Abramczuk, K., Ólafsson, K., & Staksrud, E. (2020). EUKids Online 2020: Technical report. EU Kids Online. https://doi.org/10.21953/lse.04dr94matpy7
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2022 RELIEVE - Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Evaluación Educativa
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0.
Los autores ceden de forma no exclusiva los derechos de explotación de los trabajos publicados a RELIEVE (a los solos efectos de favorecer la difusión de los artículos publicados:firmar contratos de difusión, de integración en bases de datos, etc.) y consienten que se distribuyan bajo la licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-Uso No Comercial 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC 4.0), que permite a terceros el uso de lo publicado siempre que se mencione la autoría de la obra y la fuente de publicación, y se haga uso sin fines comerciales.
Los autores pueden llegar a otros acuerdos contractuales adicionales e independientes, para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del trabajo publicado en esta revista (por ejemplo, incluyéndolo en un repositorio institucional o publicándolo en un libro), siempre y cuando se cite claramente que la fuente original de publicación es esta revista.
La mera remisión del artículo a RELIEVE supone la aceptación de estas condiciones.
