The role of resilience and perseverance of effort among Chinese EFL teachers’ work engagement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30827/portalin.vi43.28309Keywords:
EFL teachers, Perseverance of effort, Resilience, Work engagementAbstract
Teachers’ work engagement is associated with constructive results concerning work-associated well-being. Regarding the substantial power of teachers’ work engagement in academic domains, consideration has been paid to scrutinizing the predictors of this concept. Therefore, this paper makes an effort to examine the predictors of work engagement among English as foreign language (EFL) teachers by checking a model that takes into account their perseverance of effort, and resilience. To this end, 537 Chinese EFL teachers from diverse colleges participated in the study. A significant and direct association between work engagement and resilience along with perseverance was identified, with resilience serving as the best predictor for teachers' work engagement. Indeed, the values indicate that about 76 percent of changes in their work engagement can be predicted by their resilience; about 66 percent of changes in their work engagement can be predicted by their perseverance. Results from the study evince recommendations for the development of Positive Psychology and related issues in research and practice to help teachers and learners improve their work engagement by focusing on their resilience and perseverance of effort.
Downloads
References
FUNDING INFORMATION
The study reported in this paper represents a contribution to the research project (Grant No.: YJS2024AL0850), funded by the Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province, the Education Department Henan Province, China.
Akbari, R., & Eghtesadi Roudi, A. (2020). Reasons of burnout: The case of Iranian English language teachers. Psychological Studies, 65 (2), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-019- 005 41-y.
Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. (2018). Work engagement: current trends. Career Development International, 23(2), 4-11. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0207.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(2), 209–223. https://doi.org/1108/13620430810870476.
Beltman, S. (2020). Understanding and examining teacher resilience from multiple perspectives, C. F. Mansfield (Eds.), cultivating teacher resilience (pp.11–26). Springer: Singapore. https://doi.org/1007/978-981-15-5963-1-2.
Blalock, D.V., Young, K.C., & Kleiman, E.M. (2015).Stability amidst turmoil: grit buffers the effects of negative life events on suicidal ideation, Psychiatry Research, 228 (3), 781–784. https://doi.org/1016/j.psychres.2015.04.041.
Bonfiglio, R.A. (2017). Grit is not enough, About Campus,22 (5), 29–31. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ abc. 21 304.
Brunetti, G. J. (2006). Resilience under fire: Perspectives on the work of experienced, inner city high school teachers in the United States. Teaching and Teacher Education, 22(7), 812–825. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tate.2006.04.027
Cardwell, M. E. (2011). Patterns of relationships between teacher engagement and student engagement (Doctoral Dissertation). John Fisher College, Pittsford, New York.
Cinches, M. F. C., Russell, R. L. V., Chavez, J. C., & Ortiz, R. O. (2017). Student engagement: defining teacher effectiveness and teacher engagement. Journal Institutional Research South East Asia 15(3), 5–19.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/ 10. 1002/ da.10113
Coombe, C. (2020). Quality education begins with teachers:What are the qualities that make a TESOL teacher great? In J. D.M. Agudo (Eds.), quality in TESOL and teacher education (pp.171–184). Abingdon: Routledge.
Credé, M., Tynan, M, C., Harms, P. D. (2016). Much ado about grit: A meta–analytic synthesis of the grit literature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(3), 492.511. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/ pspp0000102.
Dai, K., & Wang, Y. (2023). Investigating the interplay of Chinese EFL teachers’ proactive personality, flow, and work engagement. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/01434632.2023.2174128.
Derakhshan, A. (2022). Revisiting research on positive psychology in second and foreign language education: Trends and directions. Language Related Research, 13(5), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.52547/LRR.13.5.1
Derakhshan, A., Coombe, C., Arabmofrad, A., & Taghizadeh, M. (2020). Investigating the effects of English language teachers' professional identity and autonomy in their success. Issues in Language Teaching, 9(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/ 10.22054/ilt. 2020. 52263.496.
Derakhshan, A., Dewaele, J.M, & Azari Noughabi, M. (2022). Modeling the contribution of resilience, well-being, and L2 grit to foreign language teaching enjoyment among Iranian English language teachers. System, 109, 102890. https://doi.org/1016/j.system. 2022.102890.
Derakhshan, A., & Fathi, J. (2023). Grit and foreign language enjoyment as predictors of EFL learners’ online engagement: The mediating role of online learning self efficacy. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-023-00745-x.
Derakhshan, A., Wang, Y.L, Wang, Y.X, & Ortega-Martín, J. L. (2023). Towards innovative research approaches to investigating the role of emotional variables in promoting language teachers’ and learners’ mental health. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 25(7), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.32604/ijmhp.2023.029877
Dewaele, J. M., & Li, C. (2020). Emotions in second language acquisition: A critical review and research agenda. Foreign Language World, 1(2), 34–49.
Dewaele, J. M., & Li, C. (2021). Teacher enthusiasm and students' socialbehavioral learning engagement: the mediating role of student enjoyment and boredom in Chinese EFL classes. Language Teaching Research. 2021:13621688211014538. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/136216882 110 14538.
Dewaele, J. M., Chen, X., Padilla, A. M., & Lake, J. (2019). The flowering of positive psychology in foreign language teaching and acquisition research. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02128
Duckworth, A. L. (2016). Grit: The power of passion and perseverance. New York, NY: Scribner.
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(6), 1087–1101. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
Elahi Shirvan, M., Taherian, T., Shahnama, M., & Yazdanmehr, E. (2021). A longitudinal study of foreign language enjoyment and L2 grit: A latent growth curve modeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/3389/fpsyg.2021.720326.
Fathi, J., & Saeedian, A. (2020). A structural model of teacher self-efficacy, resilience, and burnout among Iranian EFL teachers. Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9(2), 14–28.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden and build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. doi: 10.1037/ 0003 -066X.56.3.218.
Fu, J., & Wang, Y. (2022). Inspecting EFL teachers’ academic literacy development in multilingual contexts: A global vision. Heliyon. e12143(8),1–6. https://doi.org/1016/j.heliyon. 2022.e12143.
Greenier, V., Derakhshan, A., & Fathi, J. (2021). Emotion regulation and psychological wellbeing in teacher work engagement: A case of British and Iranian English language teachers. System, 97(2), 102446. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.system.2020.102446.
Gu, Q., & Day, C. (2013). Challenges to teacher resilience: Conditions count. British Educational Research Journal, 39(1), 22–44. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/0141 1926.2011.623152.
Han, Y., & Wang, Y. (2021). Investigating the correlation among Chinese EFL teachers’ self-efficacy, reflection, and work engagement. Frontiers in Psychology 12. 763234. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763234.
Hargreaves, A., & Fink, D. (2006). Sustainable leadership. CA: Jossey-Bass.
Henderson, N., & Milstein, M. (2003). Resiliency in schools: Making it happen for students and educators. California: Corwin Press.
Irudayaraj, A. R. (2019). Teachers' well-being through work engagement among Montfortian schools in Asia. Recoletos Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 7(2), 61–78.
Klassen, R. M., Yerdelen, S., & Durksen, T. L. (2013). Measuring teacher engagement: development of the Engaged teachers scale (ETS). Frontline Learning Research, 1(2), 33–52. https://doi.org/ 10.14786/flr.v1i2.44.
Leroux, M. (2018). Exploring Canadian early career teachers' resilience from an evolutionary perspective. In M. Wosnitza, F. Peixoto, S. Beltman, & C. Mansfield (Eds.), resilience in education: Concepts, contexts and connections (pp. 107–129). Cham: Springer.
Li, C., & Dewaele, J. M. (2021). How classroom environment and general grit predict Foreign language classroom anxiety of Chinese EFL students. Journal for the Psychology of Language Learning, 3(2), 86–98. https://doi.org/52598/jpll/3/2/6.
Li, J., Zhao, Y., Lin, L., Chen, J., & Wang, S. (2018). The freedom to persist: Belief in free will predicts perseverance for long-term goals among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 121(2), 7–10. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.011.
Liu, F., Chen, H., Xu, J., Wen, Y., & Fang, T. (2021). Exploring the relationships between resilience and turnover intention in Chinese high school teachers: Considering the moderating role of job burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6418. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph18126418.
Luthans, K. W., Luthans, B. C., & Chaffin, T. D. (2018). Refining grit in academic performance: The mediational role of psychological capital. Journal of Management Education, 1-27. https://doi.org/1177/1052562918804282.
MacIntyre, P. D., & Mercer, S. (2014). Introducing positive psychology to SLA. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2),153–172.https://doi.org/ 10.14746/ssllt.2014 .4.2.2.
MacIntyre, P. D., Gregersen, T., & Mercer, S. (2019). Setting an agenda for positive psychology in SLA: Theory, practice, and research. The Modern Language Journal, 103(1), 262–274.
Meyer, J. P., & Gagn'e, M. (2008). Employee engagement from a self-determination theory perspective. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(2), 60–62.
Mohan, V., & Kaur, J. (2021). Assessing the relationship between grit and academic resilience among students. Issues and Ideas in Education, 9(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/ 10.15415/iie.2021. 91005.
Mooradian, T., Matzler, K., Uzelac, B.,& Bauer, F. (2016).Perspiration and inspiration: grit and innovativeness as antecedents of entrepreneurial success, Journal of Economic Psychology, 56(2), 232–243, https://doi.org/1016/j.joep.2016.08.001.
Philippe, F. L., Lecours, S., & Beaulieu-Pelletier, G. (2009). Resilience and positive emotions: Examining the role of emotional memories. Journal of Personality, 77(1), 139–176. https://doi.org/1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00.
Polat, D. D., &Iskender, M. (2018). Exploring teachers' resilience in relation to job satisfaction, burnout, organizational commitment and perception of organizational climate. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 5(3), 1–13.https://doi.org/ 10.17220/ ijpes.2018.03.001.
Roozeboom, M.B., & Schelvis, R. (2015). Work engagement: Drivers and effects. Retrieved on November 2022 from http://oshwiki.eu/ wiki/Work.
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. The British journal of psychiatry, 147(6), 598-611. https://doi.org/ 10.1192/ bjp. 147.6.598
Salisu, I., Hashim, N., Mashi, M.S., & Aliyu, H.G. (2019). Perseverance of effort and consistency of interest for entrepreneurial career success. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 12(2), 279– 304. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/JEEE-02-2019-0025
Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2008). Enhancing work engagement though the management of human resources. In K. Na¨swall, M. Sverke, & J. Hellgren (Eds.), the individual in the changing working life (pp. 380–404). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(3), 71–92. https://doi.org/1023/A:1015630930326.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and wellbeing. New York: Free Press.
Sheikh, A. A., Inam, A., Rubab, A., Najam, U., Rana, N. A., & Awan, H. M. (2019). The spiritual role of a leader in sustaining work engagement: A teacher-perceived paradigm. Sage Open, 9(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/2158244019863567.
Shi, M., Wang, X., Bian, Y. ,& Wang, L. (2015). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among Chinese medical students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 15 (1), 1–7, https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12909-015-0297-2.
Singh, J., & Chopra, V. G. (2018). Workplace spirituality, grit and work engagement. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 14(1-2), 50–59. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/231 9510X18811776
Sudina, E., Brown, J., Datzman, B., Oki, Y., Song, K., Cavanaugh, R., & Plonsky, L. (2021). Language-specific grit: Exploring psychometric properties, predictive validity, and differences across contexts. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 15(4), 334–351. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/17501229.2020.1802468.
Suzuki ,Y., Tamesue, D., Asahi, K., Ishikawa, Y. (2015). Grit and work engagement: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 10(9): e0137501. https://doi.org/1371/journal.pone.013750
Van Beek, I., Qiao, H., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T., & Schreurs, B. H. J. (2012). For fun, love, or money: What drives workaholic, engaged, and burned-out employees at work. Applied psychology: An International Review, 61(1), 30–55. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011. 00454.x.
Wang,Y. (2023). Probing into the boredom of online instruction among Chinese English language teachers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Current Psychology, 43(1),1–15. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12144-022-04223-3.
Wang, Y., Derakhshan, A., & Azari Noughabi, M. (2022). The interplay of EFL teachers’ immunity, work engagement, and psychological well-being: Evidence from four Asian countries. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/ 01434632.2022.2092625
Wang, Y., & Derakhshan, A., Rahimpour, H. (2022). Developing resilience among Chinese and Iranian EFL teachers: A multi-dimensional cross-cultural study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/01434632.2022.2042540.
Wang, Y., Derakhshan, A., & Zhang, L. J. (2021). Researching and practicing positive psychology in second/foreign language learning and teaching: The past, current status and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–10. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731721.
Wang, Y., & Guan, H. (2020). Exploring demotivation factors of Chinese learners of English as a foreign language based on positive psychology. Rev. Argent. Clin. Psicol. 29, 851–861. https://doi.org/ 10.24205/03276716.2020.116.
Wei, W.,& Taormina, R.J. (2014).A new multidimensional measure of personal resilience and its use: Chinese nurse resilience, organizational socialization and career success, Nursing Inquiry, 21 (4), 346–357. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/nin.12067.
Xie, F. (2021). A study on Chinese EFL teachers' work engagement: The predictability power of emotion regulation and teacher resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/3389/ fpsyg.2021.735969.
Yamashita, T. (2018). Grit and second language acquisition: Can passion and perseverance predict performance in Japanese language learning? (Master’s Thesis), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
Yang, J. (2021). The predictive role of Chinese EFL teachers' individual self-efficacy and collective efficacy in their work engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 12:752041.https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpsyg.2021. 7520 41.
Yin, H., Han, J., & Lu, G. (2017). Chinese tertiary teachers' goal orientations for teaching and teaching approaches: the mediation of teacher engagement. Teaching in Higher Education, 22(7), 766–784. https://doi.org/1080/13562517.2017.1301905.
Yonezawa, S., Jones, M., & Singer, N. R. (2011). Teacher resilience in urban schools: the importance of technical knowledge, professional community, and leader-ship opportunities. Urban Education, 46(3), 913–931. https://doi.org/1177/0042085911400341.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- The authors retain copyright and guarantee to the journal the right to be the first to publish the work as well as licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the authorship of the work and the initial publication in this journal.
- Authors may separately enter into additional agreements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in the journal (e.g., placing it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book), with acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to disseminate their work electronically (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their own website) before and during the submission process, as this can lead to productive exchanges as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access).