Intended and unintended interpretations and uses of PISA results: A consequential validity perspective

Abstract

This paper explores the relevance of considering the consequences of testing as part of discussions about the validity, and validation research, in the context of the OECD Programme for International Student Asssessment, PISA. We first describe the modern conception of validity as a core aspect of quality of tests and testing systems, evolving around the proposed interpretations and uses of test scores: “Validity refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores for proposed uses of tests. Validity is, therefore, the most fundamental consideration in developing tests and evaluating tests.” (AERA, APA & NCME, 2014, p. 11). In particular, we focus on the role that consequences have played in the literature on test validity and validation. We then introduce PISA and its intended interpretations and uses as the basis for examining its validity. This is followed by summarizing existing empirical studies on the uses and consequences of PISA. Finally, the paper presents missing pieces in the validity evidence related to consequences and discusses the importance of a pro-active agenda on these topics by the PISA stakeholders at international and national levels.