Las fenzhangpian de animación en China continental (1995-2012). Normas preliminares, operacionales y censura

Laura Santamaria Guinot; Mengye Han

doi:10.30827/sendebar.v29i0.6739

Authors

Laura Santamaria Guinot Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Mengye Han Universidade de Vigo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30827/sendebar.v29i0.6739

Keywords:

animation films, audiovisual translation, preliminary norms, censorship

Abstract

In this article we will present the process followed in mainland China to release foreign animation films in the cinemas of that country between 1995 and 2012. We will focus on some criteria that can be framed between Toury’s concepts of preliminary norms and rules. The legal definition of the concept «imported film» itself reveals ideological practices. In this sense, films made in Hong Kong and Macao or Taiwan ceased to be included in the quota of imported films in the years 2003 and 2013 respectively. At the same time, foreign films exhibited in the commercial cinemas must follow legal norms that regulate the process of selection of these productions, which, once more, is a clear sign of censorship. As far as foreign films are concerned, the screening of fenzhangpian films (‘shared box office films’) is favoured by the regulation in comparison with maiduanpian (‘films purchased entirely by the distributors’). In addition, productions from the U.S. enjoy obvious predominance. Finally, the extratextual information related to the production of target texts gathered from different professionals allows us to establish that operational norms act as censorship processes during the translation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Laura Santamaria Guinot, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona

Laura Santamaria es profesora de traducción de la Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) desde 1985, donde ha ejercido varios cargos de gestión y fue decana desde 2011 hasta 2016.

Lineas de investigación: Traducció, audiovisual, Interculturalidad y referencias culturales.

References

Afu (阿福) (2009). Shiguang Wang Chunjie tebie fengxian, guochan donghua dianying biannian jianshi (时光网春节特别奉献国产动画电影编年简史) [Artículo especial para la Fiesta de Primavera de Mtime: hisoria cronológica simplificada de películas de animación de nuestro país] [en línea]. <http://news.mtime.com/2009/01/22/1403520.html> [Consulta: 09 agosto 2018].

Billiani, Francesca (ed.) (2007). Modes of Censorship and Translation. National Contexts and Diverse Media. Manchester: St. Jerome.

Dianying Zazhishe (《电影》杂志社) (2013). «Pipian» liu wen ( «批片»六问) [Seis preguntas sobre pipian]. Dianying (电影). Movie 10, 8-13.

Economic Bureau of the Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region (2003). Fujian 4: guanyu kaifang fuwu maoyi lingyu de juti chengnuo (附件4:關於開放服務貿易領域的具體承諾). Annex 4: Specific Commitments on Liberalization of Trade in Services [en línea]. <https://www.economia.gov.mo/public/docs/CEPA_CEPA_I/index/en/eannex4.pdf > [Consulta: 08 agosto 2018].

Guojia Guangbo Dianying Dianshi Zongju (国家广播电影电视总局) (2004). Guojia Guangbo Dianying Dianshi Zongju Ling (Di Sanshiyi Hao) (国家广播电影电视总局令（第 31 号）) [Orden de la Administración Estatal de Radio, Cine y Televisión (Número 31)] [en línea]. <http://www.chinasarft.gov.cn/art/2004/8/10/art_1583_26289.html> [Consulta: 08 agosto 2018].

Han, Mengye (2016). Funciones y títulos cinematográficos. Las películas de animación traducidas del inglés al chino entre 1995 y 2012. Tesis doctoral, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

Hurtado Albir, Amparo (2001). Traducción y Traductología: introducción a la Traductología. Madrid: Cátedra.

Illiani, Francesca (2007). Assessing Boundaries: Censorship and Translation. An Introduction. En Modes of Censorship and Translation. National Contexts and Diverse Media. Francesca Billiani (ed.), 1-25. Manchester: St. Jerome.

Kuhiwczak, Piotr (2009). Censorship as a Collaborative Project: A Systematic Approach. En Translation and Censorship: Patterns of Communication and Interference. Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin, Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin y David Parris (eds.), 46-56. Dublin: Four Courts Press.

Lefevere, André (1992). Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. London: Routledge.

Lu, Chunyan (路春艳) y Zhang, Zhixiu (张志秀) (2014). 2004-2013: waiguo maiduanpian zai Zhongguo de yinjin yu chuangbo (2004-2013: 外国买断片在中国的引进与传播). The foreign film in China from 2004 to 2013. Dangdai dianying (当代电影). Contemporary Cinema 6 (2014): 134-137.

Ministry of Economic Affairs (Taiwan) (2013). Fujian si: fuwu maoyi zaoqi shouhuo bumen ji kaifang cuoshi (附件四服務貿易早期收穫部門及開放措施). Annex IV Sectors and Liberalization Measures Under the Early Harvest for Trade in Services [en línea]. <http://www.ecfa.org.tw/EcfaAttachment/ECFADoc/Annex%20IV%20Sectors%20and%20Liberalization%20Measures%20Under%20the%20Early%20Harvest%20for%20Trade%20in%20Services.pdf> [Consulta: 08 agosto 2018].

Nie, Wei (聂伟) y Du, Liang (杜梁) (2014). «Kan de jian» yu «kan bu jian» de haiwai dapian – fenzhang yinjin’ershi nian ( «看得见»与 «看不见»的海外大片——分账片引进二十年) [Blockbusters visibles e invisibles - Fenzhangpian importadas después de 20 años]. Dangdai dianying (当代电影). Contemporary Cinema 11, 154-158.

Oceana Editorial Board (ed.) (2012). Memorandum of understanding between the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America regarding films for theatrical release. CTIA: Consolidated Treaties & International Agreements 3, comp. Oceana Editorial Board (ed.), 223-225. New York: Oxford University Press.

Organización Mundial del Comercio (2001). WT/ACC/CHN/49/Add.2 [en línea].

<https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=75516,91793,96429,86962,47262,45596,90337,64537,108235,88966&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=7&FullTextHash=&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True> [Consulta: 10 enero 2018].

Pegenaute Rodríguez, Luis (1999). Censoring translation and Translation as Censorship: Spain under Franco. En Translation and the (RE)Location of Meaning. Selected Papers of the CETRA Chair Seminars in Translation Studies 1994-1996. Jeroen Vandaele (ed.), 83-96. Leuven: Universidad Católica de Lovaina.

Rosen, Stanley. 2003. Lang bi men qian: 1994-2000 de Haolaiwu he Zhongguo dianying shichang (shang) (狼逼门前：1994-2000 的好莱坞和中国电影市场

（上）) [Lobo a la puerta: Hollywood y el mercado chino de cine durante 1994-2000 (I)]. Traducido por Meng Qi (锰戚), Jingning Zhong (静宁钟), Xiangling Gong (湘凌龚). Beijing Dianying Xueyuan xuebao (北京电影学院学报). Journal of Beijing Film Academy 1: 44-51.

Seruya, Teresa (2008). Foreword [en línea]. En Translation and Censorship in Different times and Landscapes. Teresa Seruya y Maria Lin Moniz (eds.), xi-xix. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <https://www.researchgate.net/file.PostFileLoader.html?id=5960ae43b0366d54a70da19c&assetKey=AS%3A513789167456256%401499508291536> [Consulta: 10 enero 2018].

Trade and Industry Department of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (2003). Fujian 4: guanyu kaifang fuwu maoyi lingyu de juti chengnuo (附件4：關於開放服務貿易領域的具體承諾). Annex 4: Specific Commitments on Liberalization of Trade in Services [en línea]. <https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/cepa/files/annex4.pdf> [Consulta: 08 agosto 2018].

Toury, Gideon (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Tymoczko, Maria (2009). Censorship and Self-Censorship in Translation: Ethics and Ideology, Resistance and Collusion. En Translation and Censorship: Patterns of Communication and Interference. Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin, Cormac Ó Cuilleanáin y David Parris (eds.), 24-45. Dublin: Four Courts Press.

Wan, Ping (万萍) (2005). Jinkou fenzhang yingpian shinian piaofang fenxi (进口分账影片十年票房分析) [Análisis de la taquilla de fengzhangpian de diez años]. Beijing Dianying Xueyuan xuebao (北京电影学院学报). Journal of Beijing Film Academy 6, 49-60.

Wangyi Yule (网易娱乐) (2010). Haolaiwu donghua yinjin shiwu nian, Wanju zongdongyuan chuang donghua geming (好莱坞动画引进15年《玩具总动员》创动画革命) [15 años de importación de animación de Hollywood, Toy Story empieza una revolución de animación] [en línea]. <http://ent.163.com/10/0620/08/69K1KI0200034IKA_all.html> [Consulta: 31 agosto 2018].

Xu, Ci (徐词) (2006). Shou bu «tongbu yinjin» donghua Conglin da fangong jijiang shangying (首部 «同步引进»动画《丛林大反攻》即将上映) [Colegas en el bosque, primera animación de «importación sincronizada», se va a estrenar] [en línea]. <http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/f/2006-09-22/10421259275.html> [Consulta: 03 septiembre 2018].

Yu, Jingying (余晶颖) et al. (2014). Yinjin pian’ershi nian’ershi wen (引进片20 年20问) [20 preguntas sobre películas importadas después de 20 años]. Dianying (电影). Movie 6, 50-71.

Zhang, Huiyu (张慧瑜) (2012). «Pipian» de jueqi ( «批片»的崛起) [La elevación de pipian]. Dianying yishu (电影艺术). Film Art 4, 71-74.

Zhongguo Dianyingjia Xiehui, Guangbo Dianying Dianshi Bu Dianying Shiye Guanli Ju (中国电影家协会、广播电影电视部电影事业管理局) (eds.) (1992). Zhongguo dianying nianjian (1990) (中国电影年鉴（1990）). China Film Yearbook (1990). Beijing: Zhongguo Dianying Chubanshe.

Zhongguo dianying nianjian Bianji Weiyuanhui (《中国电影年鉴》编辑委员会) (ed.) (1996). Zhongguo dianying nianjian (1994) (中国电影年鉴（1994）). China Film Yearbook (1994). Beijing: Zhongguo Dianying Chubanshe.

— (ed.) (1997). Zhongguo dianying nianjian (1995) (中国电影年鉴（1995）). China Film Yearbook (1995). Beijing: Zhongguo Dianying Chubanshe.

— (ed.) (2000-2001). Zhongguo dianying nianjian (1998-1999) (中国电影年鉴（1998-1999）). China Film Yearbook (1998-1999). Beijing: Zhongguo Dianying Chubanshe.

Zhongguo Dianying Nianjian She (中国电影年鉴社) (ed.) (2002-2008). Zhongguo dianying nianjian (2001-2007) (中国电影年鉴（2001-2007）). China Film Yearbook (2001-2007). Beijing: Zhongguo Dianying Nianjian She.

Zhongguo Wenzi Gaige Weiyuanhui (中国文字改革委员会) (1986). Jianhuazi zong biao (简化字总表) [Tabla general de caracteres simplificados]. Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe.

Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Jiaoyu Bu (中华人民共和国教育部) (2000). Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Guojia Tongyong Yuyan Wenzi Fa (中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法) [Ley de la República Popular China sobre la Lengua China Escrita y Oral Estándar] [en línea]. <http://old.moe.gov.cn//publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_619/200409/3131.html> [Consulta: 10 enero 2018].

Bibliografía consultada

Zhongguo dianying nianjian She (中国电影年鉴社) (ed.) (1998). Zhongguo dianying nianjian (1996) (中国电影年鉴（1996）). China Film Yearbook (1996). Beijing: Zhongguo Dianying Chubanshe.

— (ed.) (2002). Zhongguo dianying nianjian (2000) (中国电影年鉴（2000）). China Film Yearbook (2000). Beijing: Zhongguo Dianying Chubanshe.

— (ed.) (2009-2013). Zhongguo dianying nianjian (2008-2012) (中国电影年鉴（2008-2012）). China Film Yearbook (2008-2012). Beijing: Zhongguo Dianying Nianjian She.

Recursos electrónicos consultados

Boxofficecn. < http://www.boxofficecn.com/> [Consulta: 03 septiembre 2018].

Douban Dianying (豆瓣电影). https://movie.douban.com [Consulta: 03 septiembre 2018].

IMDb. < https://www.imdb.com/?ref_=nv_home> [Consulta: 03 septiembre 2018].

Mtime. < http://www.mtime.com> [Consulta: 03 septiembre 2018].