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Abstract
In this review, the main features induced by a salt excess in the soil on the physiology of higher plants, as well as the mechanisms of resistance to satine conditions, are discussed. The physiological effects of salinity may be described as: (a) water stress, arising from the more negative water potential of the rooting medium caused by saline ions; (b) nutrient ion imbalance, when the excess of sodium or chloride leads to a diminished uptake or impared internal distribution of potassium, nitrates or phosphates; and (c) specific ion toxicity, usually associated with excessive chloride or sodium uptake. Salinity resistance may be acquired by means of avoidance mechanisms, based on excluding, extruding or diluting the excess of saline ions, or by tolerarice mechanisms, based on a high degree of intracellular compartimentation of absorbed ions, and on an adequate osmorregulation between vacuole and cytoplasm obtained by accumulation of compatible organic solutes in the cytoplasm.
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