https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/issue/feed Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet) 2025-09-20T00:00:00+00:00 Dra. María Dolores Ruiz López ars@ugr.es Open Journal Systems <div align="justify">Ars Pharmaceutica is a multidisciplinary scientific journal, in the field of pharmaceutical sciences, with special emphasis on Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Pharmacology, and Pharmaceutical Care. Pioneer in Spain, p<strong>ublished by the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Granada</strong> since 1960 without interruption.&nbsp; This Journal is the official media of <a href="http://catedra.atencionfarmaceutica-ugr.es/index.php"><strong>Cátedra Maria José Faus Dadér de Atención Farmacéutica,</strong></a> since 2012. It publishes every three months (4 numbers/year) and the abbreviate name is <strong>Ars Pharm</strong>. Using external evaluation according to the peer review system. &nbsp;The journal is aligned with the Open Access Journal and the articles that are published do so according to the terms of the Creative Commons license 4.0 Internacional (<strong>CC BY-NC-SA 4.0</strong>) since 2018.&nbsp; <strong>Ars Pharmaceutica</strong> does not charge fees for the submission of works, nor for the publication of its articles</div> https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/article/view/33508 Refining the Performance of Abiraterone Acetate through Industry-friendly Techniques for Improving Functionality 2025-09-19T23:13:41+00:00 Hardik Rana hardikrana1439@gmail.com Vraj Khambholja Vaishali Thakkar Varsha Gadhvi Prachi Rabari Tejal Gandhi <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Main objective of this study was to enhance solubility and permeability of Abiraterone Acetate (AA) by industry-feasible techniques.</p> <p><strong>Method:</strong> Solid dispersion (SD) of Abiraterone with Gelucire 44/14 (GC44/14), Dexolve, and Eudragit EPO were prepared using various functionality-improving techniques. These properties were characterized by phase solubility, dissolution, permeability, flow properties, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Among various techniques and polymers, spray drying with Gelucire was selected based on its ability to enhance solubility. A 3<sup>2</sup> full factorial design was applied to optimize SD, focusing on dissolution, solubility, and flow property (angle of repose), with material attributes being Abiraterone: Gelucire ratio and Neusilin (NS) amount. Optimal region was selected from overlay plot.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Spray-dried SD exhibited highest solubility, which increased with Gelucire at a 1:2 ratio, resulting in a 405.94-fold increase in solubility. DSC, FTIR, and XRD showed Abiraterone transformation from crystalline to amorphous. Nine batches showed a drug release ranging from 30.85% to 90.33 % at 30 minutes, with solubility between 141.049 μg/mL and 286.307 μg/mL. Angle of repose ranged from fair to excellent. Optimized batch exhibited 85.51% drug release at 30 min, a solubility of 282.296 μg/mL, and good flow. Ex vivo permeability studies revealed 9.32 ± 0.147 % for Abiraterone and 51.72 ± 0.286 % for optimal batch at 90 min.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Solubility, permeability, and dissolution increased significantly when a SD of Abiraterone was prepared with Abiraterone and Neusilin by spray drying method. Systematic, industry-friendly techniques will benefit patients.</p> 2025-09-19T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Hardik Rana https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/article/view/33109 Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the alcoholic extract of Tagetes erecta against bacteria and fungi of clinical importance 2025-09-19T23:13:44+00:00 Gabriel Martínez González gabriel.martinez@uicui.edu.mx Alejandro Chávez Alanuza alejandro.chavez@uicui.edu.mx Frida Suárez González frida.suarez@uicui.edu.mx Jorge Angel Almeida Villegas angel.almeida@uicui.edu.mx Sandra Stephanie Montes de Oca Cuenca stephanie.montesdeoca@uicui.edu.mx Angélica Guadalupe Cuarto Hernández guadalupe.cuarto@uicui.edu.mx Lidia De Jesús Olvera lidia.dejesus@uicui.edu.mx <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health concern, putting at risk treatment options for infectious diseases. As a result, treatments can be expensive and ineffective, so it is essential to look for new options such as the use of plant extracts with antimicrobial properties to combat these diseases. <em>Tagetes</em> sp is a plant species that is used in folk medicine to cure various diseases and has several properties among which the antimicrobial.</p> <p><strong>Method:</strong> The antimicrobial activity of the extract was analyzed by the Kirby-Bauer method at different concentrations.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The extract showed antimicrobial activity by presenting inhibition halos mainly against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>), obtaining the following results: <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 43300 (19,400 ± 0.435 mm to 500 mg/mL); <em>S. aureus</em> ATCC 6538 (11,206 ± 0.342 mm to 750 mg/mL); <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> ATCC 19606 (10.570 ± 0.535 mm a 250 mg/mL); <em>Proteus mirabilis</em> (7.636 ± 0.196 mm to 250 mg/mL) and <em>Issatchenkia orientalis</em> ATCC 6258 (7.400 ± 0.190 mm to 250 mg/mL). Secondary metabolites such as tannins, quinones, coumarins, phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong><em>Tagetes erecta</em> L alcoholic extract has antimicrobial activity against clinically relevant strains and may be considered for further studies against multi-resistant microorganisms in the future.</p> 2025-09-19T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Gabriel Martínez González, Alejandro, Frida, Jorge, Sandra, Angélica, Lidia https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/article/view/34110 Cytotoxicity and Wound Healing Effect of Camphor Menthol Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents Against Human Epidermoid Carcinoma (A431) Cell Line 2025-09-19T23:13:37+00:00 Raja Sekharan rajasekharant2k@gmail.com Tamilvanan Shunmugaperumal Krishna Reddy <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Skin cancer is a serious health issue and finding effective treatments is crucial. This study investigated the effects of camphor-menthol based natural deep eutectic solvent on human epidermoid carcinoma A431-cells, a model for skin cancer.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p> <p><strong>Method:</strong> The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed to assess cell viability and cytotoxicity by measuring absorbance at 570 nm. The absorbance at 570 nm was measured to determine the optical density values, and cell viability was calculated as a percentage. Additionally, an <em>in vitro</em> scratch assay was performed to evaluate the impact of camphor-menthol based natural deep eutectic solvent on cell migration.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The results revealed a concentration-dependent decrease in both optical density values and cell viability, with an inhibitory concentration of 311.7 µg/ml. The treated group exhibited a significant reduction in wound area compared to the control, suggesting potential antimigratory effects. Since cell migration is key to cancer spread, this could be an important finding.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In conclusion, these findings highlight the cytotoxic and migration-inhibiting properties of camphor-menthol based natural deep eutectic solvent, supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent against skin cancer. These findings highlight the potential of natural compounds in cancer treatment. More research is needed to understand how camphor-menthol based natural deep eutectic solvent works and to confirm these results in more complex biological systems.</p> 2025-09-19T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Raja Sekharan, Tamilvanan Shunmugaperumal, Krishna Reddy https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/article/view/33615 Formulation and Evaluation of Quetiapine Fumarate Extended-Release Matrix Tablets Using Metolose 15000SR and HPMC K15CR 2025-09-19T23:13:40+00:00 Subhalakshmi Muruganantham Venkatesh Babu R Raja Sekharan Thenrajan rajasekharant2k@gmail.com <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Quetiapine Fumarate (QF) is a second-generation antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar depression. Extended-release (ER) tablets help improve patient compliance and reduce side effects by slowing down drug absorption.</p> <p><strong>Method:</strong> In this study, QF-ER tablets were made using the wet granulation method with two polymers, Metolose 15000 SR and Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) K15CR, in different amounts. To check compatibility, QF was mixed with other ingredients and stored at room temperature for 15 days. There were no significant changes in color or odor, and infrared spectral analysis confirmed that QF was compatible with the polymers and other excipients, with no interactions. The prepared granules had good to excellent flowability, ensuring even tablet compression. The finished tablets were tested for weight, hardness, thickness, friability, drug content, drug release, and release kinetics.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> All formulations had a good appearance without defects, and all values met pharmacopeial standards. Among the five formulations, F5 showed the best performance, releasing 98.77 % of the drug over 24 hours, like the market sample (97.21 % in 24 hours). The drug release from F5 followed the Hixson-Crowell model (R² = 0.9997), indicating that the release was controlled by both tablet erosion and diffusion. The release exponent (n = 0.6123) suggested a combination of swelling and diffusion as the drug release mechanism.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> F5 was identified as the best formulation, as it met all pharmacopeial requirements, had excellent physical properties, and provided a well-controlled, extended drug release for 24 hours, making it a strong alternative to the market.</p> 2025-09-19T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Raja Sekharan T https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/article/view/33245 Clinical relevance of potential drug-drug interactions in diabetic patients with kidney disease: Pilot study 2025-09-19T23:13:43+00:00 Lizette Rodríguez-Pacheco Gregoreo Centeno-Hoil Javier Perera Rios javier.perera@correo.uady.mx Mario Alberto Ramírez-Camacho Julio César Torres-Romero Norma Pérez-Herrera Oscar Daniel Guzmán-Arredondo <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Kidney disease is the most common complication of type 2 diabetes. In Mexico, diabetes-related complications are highly prevalent; for example, in Yucatán, approximately 38.4 % of patients with diabetes also suffer from chronic kidney disease; and the prescription of multiple drugs for its treatment increases the risk of drug–drug interactions that may further deteriorate renal function. The aim of this study was to identify potential drug-drug interactions and their level of clinical relevancy in the pharmacotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease.</p> <p><strong>Method:</strong> This study included 34 patients registered in the Diabetic Care Center program of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Information on clinical history and pharmacotherapy were collected through electronic clinical records. Potential drug interactions were evaluated using Micromedex® considering their clinical relevance.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age for the patients was 59 ± 9.6 years old; 76.5 % were women and 94.1 % were polymedicated. A total of 117 potential drug interactions were identified; 82.35 % presented at least one, the most frequent pDDI was metformin-hydrochlorothiazide of medium clinical relevance. The range of medication prescription was between 1 and 10 drugs, with an average of 6.09 ± 2.3. Metformin, allopurinol and chlorthalidone require dose adjustment based on creatinine clearance.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, potential drug interactions of very high, high and medium clinical relevance were detected in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease under treatment, which could worsen their health and kidney function.</p> 2025-09-19T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Javier Perera Rios https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/article/view/32268 Assessment of the Risk of Atherogenicity and Cardiometabolic Health in Type II Diabetes Mellitus 2025-09-19T23:13:45+00:00 Suhaer Zeki Al-Fadhel suhaerekiadhel@yahoo.com Nibras H. Abdulsada nibrashabdulsada33@yahoo.com Shaden M H Mubarak shadenubarak34@yahoo.com <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistently high blood sugar levels and variable levels of impairment in the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. There is a one to fivefold increase in sudden mortality, and there is a high risk of numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disease, it encompasses coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. A new measure for assessing atherogenicity risk and cardiometabolic health is the atherogenic index of plasma, which is the logarithmically transformed ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol.</p> <p><strong>Method:</strong> The present case-control study included 30 T2DM males without lipid-lowering drugs and 25 apparently healthy males as a control group. After at least 8 hours overnight fasting, blood samples were drawn from each participant and analyzed to assess the fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1C, and lipid profile (low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglyceride).</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The comparison of the T2DM and control groups revealed that their ages matched, but that all studied factors differed significantly between the two groups (p≤0.05), with the exception of diastolic pressure. In addition to the strong correlation between the lipid profile and the AIP.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It was concluded that the AIP, a measure associated with improper metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, is crucial in characterizing the risk of atherogenicity and cardiometabolic defect in type II diabetes mellitus.</p> 2025-09-19T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Suhaer Zeki Al-Fadhel, Nibras H. Abdulsada, Shaden M H Mubarak, mohauman mohammed majeed https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/article/view/34536 A Green Synthesis of Catechol in H₂O₂ by Using a Naturally Prepared Catalyst: WEWSA and WECMA 2025-09-19T23:13:35+00:00 Khemchand Surana khemchandsurana772@gmail.com Sagar Bhawar Sunil Mahajan Deepak Sonawane <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Green chemistry provides a framework to develop innovative chemical processes and products. These guidelines include all aspects of a process’s life cycle, including the raw materials used, the transformation’s effectiveness and safety, and the toxicity and biodegradability of the products and reagents used.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> By using the Dakin reaction in a manner that was less harmful to the environment was the inspiration for our novel approach to the production of catechol. Aromatic aryl aldehydes can be transformed into phenols at room temperature with the aid of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-WEWSA and WECMA.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The catalytic system should ideally operate without the need for activation or the presence of transition metal catalysts, toxic ligands, additives/promoters, bases, organic solvents, or similar substances.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Assessed the efficacy of this method; various substituted hydroxylated benzaldehydes were examined.</p> 2025-09-19T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Khemchand Surana, Sagar Bhawar, Sunil Mahajan, Deepak Sonawane https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/ars/article/view/33781 Applications of Photopharmacology in Oncology: A State-of-the-Art Review 2025-09-19T23:13:38+00:00 Luis Esteban Jiménez Sánchez ljimenezs@edu.uia.ac.cr <p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Photopharmacology has emerged as a key discipline for the development of highly selective targeted drugs, enabling control over their activation through specific light irradiation. Given the invasive and non-selective nature of many traditional cancer therapies, there is growing interest in this field. This review explores its most relevant applications in cancer treatment.</p> <p><strong>Method:</strong> A narrative literature review was conducted using academic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, and Google Scholar. Articles published in English or Spanish, with free full-text access and related to photopharmacology and oncological diseases, were included. A total of 23 articles were selected based on eligibility criteria and a critical reading of their content.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The reviewed studies highlight multiple applications of photopharmacology in oncology: from light-activated systems for localized therapeutic agent release, to the design of photoactivatable prodrugs, and optical control of microtubules and nuclear receptors. These advances allow for precise spatiotemporal modulation of pharmacological action, showing promising outcomes in prostate, lung, colon, and other cancers.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Photopharmacology represents an innovative therapeutic approach with high potential in oncology, offering more precise, reversible, and less toxic treatments. Its clinical success will depend on the development of safer and more effective activation technologies, as well as the refinement of photoactivatable compounds.</p> 2025-09-19T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Esteban Jiménez Sánchez