Diabetes tipo 2: gluco-lipo-toxicidad y disfunción de la célula β pancreática
Palabras clave:
Célula β, Diabetes, Glucotoxicidad, LipotoxicidadResumen
La célula β pancreática secreta insulina en función de la concentración extracelular de glucosa y de otros nutrientescirculantes, como son los ácidos grasos. Esta podría definirse como una adaptación fisiológica normal de la secreciónde la hormona en función de la demanda. Sin embargo este patrón secretor se pierde en condiciones de hiperglucemiae hiperlipidemia crónicas típicas de la patología diabética. La evidencia experimental correlaciona la presencia enexceso de dichos nutrientes con el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Este fenómeno, denominado glucotoxicidad para laglucosa o lipotoxicidad para los ácidos grasos, contempla la propiedad por parte de dichos nutrientes de controlardiversos programas génicos que desembocarían en profundas alteraciones fenotípicas en la célula β. En primerainstancia, la célula β tiene mecanismos de adaptación y detoxificación para esta situación desfavorable y manteneruna correcta respuesta secretora. Sin embargo, cuando la situación de hiperglucemia e hiperlipidemia crónica se dasobre todo de forma conjunta, se activan programas de suicidio celular que culminan en la desaparición de estascélulas productoras de insulina y la aparición de la diabetes.Descargas
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