Contenido del artículo principal
Resumen
El presente trabajo reporta los hallazgos sobre las percepciones de actuales alumnos universitarios migrantes de retorno acerca de los desafíos a los que se enfrentan a su regreso a México. Siguiendo una metodología cualitativa y a partir de autobiografías y entrevistas semi-estructuradas, los participantes dan cuenta de sus experiencias en los sistemas educativos de México y Estados Unidos, además, relatan los desafíos que enfrentan en diferentes ámbitos: administrativo y lingüístico. Los resultados sugieren que los participantes muestran cierta nostalgia al pensar en el sistema educativo de Estados Unidos. Al mismo tiempo, sugieren que uno de los principales retos a los que se enfrentan en su adaptación social, se deriva de su competencia lingüística en español y en inglés, que si bien los pone en ventaja en algunas situaciones, como en convertirse en profesores de inglés, los margina en otras. Esto nos permite avanzar en los estudios de migrantes de retorno ya que su inserción en el sistema educativo mexicano no se da de manera sencilla y demuestra las complejidades de la adaptación de los migrantes a un sistema educativo y a una sociedad que no les es tan familiar como generalmente se piensa.
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Detalles del artículo
Referencias
- Barkhuizen, G. (2013). Narrative research in applied linguistics. Cambridge:
- Cambridge University Press.
- Bengtson, J. D., Chase, J. S., Long, J. E., & Monterroso, J. (2013). Reintegration and Remigration: A Study on Social Stigmas and Labor Discrimination Against Guatemalans Deported from the United States. Waterville: The Migrant Peacebuilding Project.
- Borjian, A., Muñoz de Cote, L. M., Van Dijk, S. & Houde, P. (2016). Transnational
- children in Mexico: Context of migration and adaptation. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 10(1), 42-54. doi: 10.1080/15595692.2015.1084920
- Cassarino, J. P. (2004). Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to
- Return Migrants Revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, UNESCO, 6(2), 253-279. Recuperado de: ffhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001385/138592E.pdf page=60f
- Christiansen, M. S., Trejo, N. P. & Mora-Pablo, I. (2017). You Know English, so Why Don’t You Teach?” Language Ideologies and Returnees Becoming English Language Teachers in Mexico. International Multilingual Research Journal, 12(2), 1-17. doi: 10.1080/19313152.2017.1401446
- Coutin, S. B. (2010). Confined Within: National Territories as Zones of Confinement. Political Geography, 29(4), 200-208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2010.03.005
- De Genova, N. (2010). The deportation regime: Sovereignty, space, and the freedom of movement. In N. De Genova and N. Peutz (eds), The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement (pp. 33-65). Durham: Duke University Press.
- De la Rosa, R. (2015). Migración de retorno y educación. Recuperado de: http://www.controlescolar.sep.gob.mx/work/models/controlescolar/Resource/archivo_ppt/5-Migracion_de_Retorno.pdf.
- Dominguez, R., Nava, R., & Castro, M. C. (2017). When the American Dream Stops: New Challenges after DACA for ELT University Students in Mexico. English Linguistics Research, 6(4), 51-68. doi: https://doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n4p51
- Espinosa, V. (1998). El dilema del retorno: migración, género y pertenencia en un contexto transnacional. Zamora: Colegio de Michoacán-Colegio de Jalisco.
- Frausto, I. (2017). The identity construction of transnational English teachers in a Mexican EFL (English as a Foreign Language) context: A socio-cultural approach. Exploratoris. 6(1), 7-14.
- Gil-Garcia, O. F. (2018). US Immigration Enforcement and the Making of Unintended Returnees. Human Development Faculty Scholarship, 16. 1-31. Recuperado de: https://orb.binghamton.edu/hdev_fac/16
- Giorguli, S., Jensen, B., Bean, F., Brown, S., Sawyer, A., & Zuniga, V. (2014). El bienestar educativo de niños de inmigrantes mexicanos en los Estados Unidos y en México. In A. Escobar, L. Lowell, & S. Martin (Eds.), Diálogo binacional sobre migrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos y México (pp. 21-40). Guadalajara: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Recuperado de: http://www.cisan.unam.mx/migracionRetorno/ABRIL%2026%20INFORME%20FINAL%20dialogo%20binacional%20ESP2.pdf
- González-Barrera, A. (2015). More Mexicans leaving than coming to the U.S. Pew Research Center. Recuperado de: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/11/19/more-mexicans-leaving-than-coming-to-the-u-s/
- González, M. (2015). Mexico: Barriers to education for migrant children and adolescents are eliminated. México: Instituto para las Mujeres en la Migración (IMUMI). Recuperado de: www.imumi.org
- Hagan, J., Castro, B., & Rodriguez, N. (2010). The effects of US deportation policies on immigrant families and communities: Cross border perspectives. North Carolina Law Review, 88(5), 1800-1823. Recuperado de: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4446&context=nclr
- Hamann, E. T., Zuñiga, V., & Sanchez-Garcia, J. (2006). Pensando en Cynthia y su hermana: Educational implications of United States-Mexico transnationalism for children. Journal of Latinos and Education, 5(4), 253-274. doi: 10.1207/s1532771xjle0504_3.
- Hamann, E. T., & Zunñiga, V. (2011). Schooling and the everyday ruptures transnational children encounter in the United States and Mexico. In C. Coe, R. R. Reynolds, D. A. Boehm, J. M. Hess and H. Rae-Espinosa (eds), Children, youth and migration in global perspective (pp. 141-160). Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
- Holliday, A. (2004). Issues of validity in progressive paradigms of qualitative research. TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 731-4.
- Izquierdo, E. A. (2011). Times of Losses: a False Awareness of the Integration of Inmigrants, Migraciones Internacionales, 6(1), pp. 145-184. Tijuana.
- Massey, D. S. (1987). Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Massey, D. S., & Riosmena F. (2010). Undocumented Migration from Latin America in an Era of Rising U.S. Enforcement. Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, 630(1), 294–321. doi: 10.1177/0002716210368114
- McClimens, A. (2002). All I Can Remember Were Tablets: Pat’s Story. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 6 (1), 73-88.
- McGuire, C., & Coutin, S.B. (2013). Transnational alienage and foreignness: deportees and Foreign Service Officers in Central America. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 20(6), 689-704. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2013.829773
- Menard-Warwick, J. (2008). The cultural and intercultural identities of transnational English teachers: Two case studies from the Americas. TESOL Quarterly, 42, 617-640.
- Mestries, F. (2013). Los migrantes de retorno ante un future incierto. Sociológica, 28 (78), pp. 171-212.
- Mora, A., Trejo, N. P., & Mora-Pablo, I. (2018). ‘I was lucky to be a bilingual kid, and that makes me who I am:’ The role of transnationalism in identity issues. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. doi: 10.1080/13670050.2018.1510893
- Mora, I., Lengeling, M. M., & Basurto, N. M. (2015). Crossing borders: Stories of transnationals becoming English language teachers in Mexico. SIGNUM, 18(2), 326-348. doi: 10.5433/2237-4876.2015v18n2p326
- Mora, I., Rivas, L., Lengeling, M., & Crawford, T. (2015). Transnationals becoming English teachers in Mexico: Effects of language brokering and identity formation. Gist: Education and Learning Research Journal, 10, 7-28.
- Núñez, A. (2019). Transnational youth and the role of social and sociocultural remittances in identity construction. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, 58(1), 118-138.
- Peutz, N. (2006). Embarking on an Anthropology of Removal. Current Anthropology, 47(2), 217-241. Recuperado de: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/498949?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
- Petrón, M. (2009). Transnational teachers of English in Mexico. The High School Journal, 115-128.
- Petrón, M. A., & Greybeck, B. (2014). Borderlands epistemologies and the transnational experience. Gist Education and Learning Research Journal, 8(1), 137-155.
- Polkinghorne, D. E., (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. Qualitative Studies in Education, 8, 5-23.
- Sanchez, G. J. (1993). Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, culture, and identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
- Sanchez, P. (2001). Adopting transnationalism theory and discourse: Making space for a transnational Chicana. Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education, 22(3), 375-381.
- Sánchez, P. (2009). Even beyond the local community: A close look at Latina youths return trips to Mexico. The High School Journal, 92(4), 49-66.
- Sánchez, J., Hamann, E. T., & Zuñiga, V. (2012). What the youngest transnational students have to say about their transition from U.S. schools to Mexican ones. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 6(3), 157-171. doi: 10.1080/15595692.2012.691135.
- Sarabia, H. (2017). Uprooted: Identity and illegality among return migrants in Mexico. Carta Económica Regional, 29(120), 83-104. Recuperado de: http://www.cartaeconomicaregional.cucea.udg.mx/index.php/CER/article/view/7083/6159
- Sawyer, A. (2013). The Schooling of Youth Impacted by Migration: A Bi-National Case Study. In B. Jensen & A. Sawyer (eds), Regarding Educación: Mexican-American Schooling, Immigration, and Bi-national Improvement (pp. 189-212). Nueva York: Teachers College Press.
- Sayad, A. (1999). La double absence: des illusions de l’ émigré aux souffrances de l’ immigré. Le Seuil, París.
- Silver, A. M. (2018). Displaced at “home”: 1.5-Generation immigrants navigating membership after returning to Mexico. Ethnicities, 18(2), 208-224. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796817752560
- Vila, A. (2016). Migración en tiempos de crisis: Exploraciones del concepto de resilencia social transnacional en Apaseo el Alto. Guanajuato, México.
- Vila, A. (2017). Pertenencias múltiples e identidades compuestas en un contextonorteamericano. Exploraciones a partir de la trayectoria migratoria de cuatro jóvenes en el sur de Guanajuato. Norteamérica, 12(1), 53-78.
- Vila, P. (2000). Crossing borders. Reinforcing borders. The University of Texas.
- Zúñiga, V. (2013). Migrantes internacionales en las escuelas mexicanas: desafíos actuales y futuros de política educativa. Sinéctica, (40), 1-11.
- Zúñiga, V., Hamann, E., & Sánchez, J. (2008). Alumnos transnacionales, escuelas mexicanas frente a la globalización. México: SEP.
Referencias
Barkhuizen, G. (2013). Narrative research in applied linguistics. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Bengtson, J. D., Chase, J. S., Long, J. E., & Monterroso, J. (2013). Reintegration and Remigration: A Study on Social Stigmas and Labor Discrimination Against Guatemalans Deported from the United States. Waterville: The Migrant Peacebuilding Project.
Borjian, A., Muñoz de Cote, L. M., Van Dijk, S. & Houde, P. (2016). Transnational
children in Mexico: Context of migration and adaptation. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 10(1), 42-54. doi: 10.1080/15595692.2015.1084920
Cassarino, J. P. (2004). Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to
Return Migrants Revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, UNESCO, 6(2), 253-279. Recuperado de: ffhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001385/138592E.pdf page=60f
Christiansen, M. S., Trejo, N. P. & Mora-Pablo, I. (2017). You Know English, so Why Don’t You Teach?” Language Ideologies and Returnees Becoming English Language Teachers in Mexico. International Multilingual Research Journal, 12(2), 1-17. doi: 10.1080/19313152.2017.1401446
Coutin, S. B. (2010). Confined Within: National Territories as Zones of Confinement. Political Geography, 29(4), 200-208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2010.03.005
De Genova, N. (2010). The deportation regime: Sovereignty, space, and the freedom of movement. In N. De Genova and N. Peutz (eds), The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement (pp. 33-65). Durham: Duke University Press.
De la Rosa, R. (2015). Migración de retorno y educación. Recuperado de: http://www.controlescolar.sep.gob.mx/work/models/controlescolar/Resource/archivo_ppt/5-Migracion_de_Retorno.pdf.
Dominguez, R., Nava, R., & Castro, M. C. (2017). When the American Dream Stops: New Challenges after DACA for ELT University Students in Mexico. English Linguistics Research, 6(4), 51-68. doi: https://doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n4p51
Espinosa, V. (1998). El dilema del retorno: migración, género y pertenencia en un contexto transnacional. Zamora: Colegio de Michoacán-Colegio de Jalisco.
Frausto, I. (2017). The identity construction of transnational English teachers in a Mexican EFL (English as a Foreign Language) context: A socio-cultural approach. Exploratoris. 6(1), 7-14.
Gil-Garcia, O. F. (2018). US Immigration Enforcement and the Making of Unintended Returnees. Human Development Faculty Scholarship, 16. 1-31. Recuperado de: https://orb.binghamton.edu/hdev_fac/16
Giorguli, S., Jensen, B., Bean, F., Brown, S., Sawyer, A., & Zuniga, V. (2014). El bienestar educativo de niños de inmigrantes mexicanos en los Estados Unidos y en México. In A. Escobar, L. Lowell, & S. Martin (Eds.), Diálogo binacional sobre migrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos y México (pp. 21-40). Guadalajara: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social. Recuperado de: http://www.cisan.unam.mx/migracionRetorno/ABRIL%2026%20INFORME%20FINAL%20dialogo%20binacional%20ESP2.pdf
González-Barrera, A. (2015). More Mexicans leaving than coming to the U.S. Pew Research Center. Recuperado de: http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/11/19/more-mexicans-leaving-than-coming-to-the-u-s/
González, M. (2015). Mexico: Barriers to education for migrant children and adolescents are eliminated. México: Instituto para las Mujeres en la Migración (IMUMI). Recuperado de: www.imumi.org
Hagan, J., Castro, B., & Rodriguez, N. (2010). The effects of US deportation policies on immigrant families and communities: Cross border perspectives. North Carolina Law Review, 88(5), 1800-1823. Recuperado de: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4446&context=nclr
Hamann, E. T., Zuñiga, V., & Sanchez-Garcia, J. (2006). Pensando en Cynthia y su hermana: Educational implications of United States-Mexico transnationalism for children. Journal of Latinos and Education, 5(4), 253-274. doi: 10.1207/s1532771xjle0504_3.
Hamann, E. T., & Zunñiga, V. (2011). Schooling and the everyday ruptures transnational children encounter in the United States and Mexico. In C. Coe, R. R. Reynolds, D. A. Boehm, J. M. Hess and H. Rae-Espinosa (eds), Children, youth and migration in global perspective (pp. 141-160). Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Holliday, A. (2004). Issues of validity in progressive paradigms of qualitative research. TESOL Quarterly, 38(4), 731-4.
Izquierdo, E. A. (2011). Times of Losses: a False Awareness of the Integration of Inmigrants, Migraciones Internacionales, 6(1), pp. 145-184. Tijuana.
Massey, D. S. (1987). Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Massey, D. S., & Riosmena F. (2010). Undocumented Migration from Latin America in an Era of Rising U.S. Enforcement. Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, 630(1), 294–321. doi: 10.1177/0002716210368114
McClimens, A. (2002). All I Can Remember Were Tablets: Pat’s Story. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 6 (1), 73-88.
McGuire, C., & Coutin, S.B. (2013). Transnational alienage and foreignness: deportees and Foreign Service Officers in Central America. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 20(6), 689-704. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2013.829773
Menard-Warwick, J. (2008). The cultural and intercultural identities of transnational English teachers: Two case studies from the Americas. TESOL Quarterly, 42, 617-640.
Mestries, F. (2013). Los migrantes de retorno ante un future incierto. Sociológica, 28 (78), pp. 171-212.
Mora, A., Trejo, N. P., & Mora-Pablo, I. (2018). ‘I was lucky to be a bilingual kid, and that makes me who I am:’ The role of transnationalism in identity issues. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. doi: 10.1080/13670050.2018.1510893
Mora, I., Lengeling, M. M., & Basurto, N. M. (2015). Crossing borders: Stories of transnationals becoming English language teachers in Mexico. SIGNUM, 18(2), 326-348. doi: 10.5433/2237-4876.2015v18n2p326
Mora, I., Rivas, L., Lengeling, M., & Crawford, T. (2015). Transnationals becoming English teachers in Mexico: Effects of language brokering and identity formation. Gist: Education and Learning Research Journal, 10, 7-28.
Núñez, A. (2019). Transnational youth and the role of social and sociocultural remittances in identity construction. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, 58(1), 118-138.
Peutz, N. (2006). Embarking on an Anthropology of Removal. Current Anthropology, 47(2), 217-241. Recuperado de: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/498949?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Petrón, M. (2009). Transnational teachers of English in Mexico. The High School Journal, 115-128.
Petrón, M. A., & Greybeck, B. (2014). Borderlands epistemologies and the transnational experience. Gist Education and Learning Research Journal, 8(1), 137-155.
Polkinghorne, D. E., (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. Qualitative Studies in Education, 8, 5-23.
Sanchez, G. J. (1993). Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, culture, and identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Sanchez, P. (2001). Adopting transnationalism theory and discourse: Making space for a transnational Chicana. Discourse: studies in the cultural politics of education, 22(3), 375-381.
Sánchez, P. (2009). Even beyond the local community: A close look at Latina youths return trips to Mexico. The High School Journal, 92(4), 49-66.
Sánchez, J., Hamann, E. T., & Zuñiga, V. (2012). What the youngest transnational students have to say about their transition from U.S. schools to Mexican ones. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 6(3), 157-171. doi: 10.1080/15595692.2012.691135.
Sarabia, H. (2017). Uprooted: Identity and illegality among return migrants in Mexico. Carta Económica Regional, 29(120), 83-104. Recuperado de: http://www.cartaeconomicaregional.cucea.udg.mx/index.php/CER/article/view/7083/6159
Sawyer, A. (2013). The Schooling of Youth Impacted by Migration: A Bi-National Case Study. In B. Jensen & A. Sawyer (eds), Regarding Educación: Mexican-American Schooling, Immigration, and Bi-national Improvement (pp. 189-212). Nueva York: Teachers College Press.
Sayad, A. (1999). La double absence: des illusions de l’ émigré aux souffrances de l’ immigré. Le Seuil, París.
Silver, A. M. (2018). Displaced at “home”: 1.5-Generation immigrants navigating membership after returning to Mexico. Ethnicities, 18(2), 208-224. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796817752560
Vila, A. (2016). Migración en tiempos de crisis: Exploraciones del concepto de resilencia social transnacional en Apaseo el Alto. Guanajuato, México.
Vila, A. (2017). Pertenencias múltiples e identidades compuestas en un contextonorteamericano. Exploraciones a partir de la trayectoria migratoria de cuatro jóvenes en el sur de Guanajuato. Norteamérica, 12(1), 53-78.
Vila, P. (2000). Crossing borders. Reinforcing borders. The University of Texas.
Zúñiga, V. (2013). Migrantes internacionales en las escuelas mexicanas: desafíos actuales y futuros de política educativa. Sinéctica, (40), 1-11.
Zúñiga, V., Hamann, E., & Sánchez, J. (2008). Alumnos transnacionales, escuelas mexicanas frente a la globalización. México: SEP.