New data for the history of opium in Islamic medicine: Barš in the Resāla-ye afyūn of ͨ Emād-al-Dīn Maḥmūd Šīrāzī, Iranian physician of the 16th century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30827/dynamis.v42i1.26893Keywords:
Islamic medicine, opium, barš, ᶜEmād-al-Dīn Maḥmūd Šīrāzī, Resāla-ye afyūnAbstract
This article describes the main investigations published to date on the history of the therapeutic and recreational use of opium in classic Islam bet- ween the 7th and 17th centuries. It presents the historical figure of Iranian physi- cian ᶜEmād-al-Dīn Maḥmūd Šīrāzī (1515-1592) and describes the general content of his Resāla-ye afyūn [Treaty on opium], the main monographic treaty that has reached us on the medicinal uses of opium in Islamic civilization. More specifi- cally, this study addresses the history of barš, the opiate most widely used as a medicine and recreational drug by Islamic populations between the 12th and 19th centuries, describing its composition, the origin and meaning of its name, and the sources on barš cited by ᶜEmād-al-Dīn. It also outlines the transmission of knowledge on this opiate from Galen to Arab authors of the 12th and 13th centuries and from these to the medicine of Safavid Iran in the 16th century, analyzing its history in Arab and Iranian medical circles of the 12th-16th centu- ries. It is concluded that Resāla-ye afyūn represented a significant advance in the medicinal uses of barš with respect to the knowledge of Arab physicians.
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