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Resumen
La literatura científica indica que la respuesta psicofisiológica ante la escucha musical varía dependiendo de diferentes variables como, por ejemplo, el tempo de la música, el modo, el estilo musical escuchado y el contenido de la letra. Los objetivos de la presente investigación son, en primer lugar, determinar si las respuestas psicofisiológicas (respuesta galvánica de la piel-RGP, onda cerebral alfa-OCA y frecuencia cardíaca-FC) varían en función de la escucha musical frente a la condición de silencio. En segundo lugar, establecer si dichas respuestas varían en función del contenido de la letra de lo escuchado (Música Cristiana vs. Música no Cristiana). En tercer lugar, analizar si, en la escucha musical las respuestas psicofisiológicas difieren atendiendo al estilo musical escuchado. Participaron 100 estudiantes de la Universidad Adventista de Colombia divididos en dos grupos: Grupo Experimental o de escucha musical (n = 50) y Grupo Control o condición de silencio (n = 50). Los principales resultados pusieron de manifiesto diferencias en función de la modalidad de escucha (musical frente a silencio) en las tres respuestas psicofisiológicas. Además, se hallaron diferencias atendiendo al contenido de la letra y el estilo musical escuchado. Se discute la necesidad de continuar profundizando en futuros estudios que atiendan a diferentes variables que puedan incidir en la respuesta psicofisiológica ante la escucha musical.
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Detalles del artículo
Referencias
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Referencias
Adolphson, J.V. (2009). Holy rock and rollers: a fantasy theme analysis of American evangelicalism in Christian heavy metal. Illinois, IL: Northern Illinois University.
Ali, S.O., & Peynircioglu, Z.F. (2010). Intensity of emotions conveyed and elicited by familiar and unfamiliar music. Music Perception, 27(3), 177- 182. doi:10.1525/MP.2010.27.3.177
Ballard, M.E., & Coates, S. (1995). The immediate effects of homicidal suicidal and non violent heavy metaland rap songs on themoods of college students. Youth and Society, 27(2), 148-168. doi:10.1177/0044118X95027002003
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Becknell, M.E., Firmin, M.W., Hwang, C., Fleetwood, D.M., Tate, K.L., & Schwab, E.D. (2008). Effects of listening to heavy metal music on college women: a pilot. College Student Journal, 42(1), 24-35.
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Benson, H., & Klipper, M.Z. (2000). The relaxation response: Updated and expanded. New York, NY: Avon Books Inc.
Blood, A.J., & Zatorre, R.J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98(20), 11818-11823. doi:10.1073/pnas.191355898
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Burns, J.L. (1999). The effects of different types of music on perceived and physio- logical measures of stress (Doctoral Thesis, University of South Alabama).
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Ho, Y., Cheung, M., & Chan, A. (2003). Music training improves verbal but not visual memory: Cross-Sectional and longitudinal explorations in chil- dren. Neuropsychology, 17(3), 439-450. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.3.439 Hunter, P.G., & Schellenberg, E.G. (2010). Music and emotion. In M.R. Jones, R.R. Fay y A.N. Popper (Eds.), Music perception (pp. 129-164).New York, NY: Springer.
Hunter, P.G., Schellenberg, E.G., & Schimmack, U. (2010). Feelings and perceptions of happiness and sadness induced by music: Similarities, differences and mixed emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts, 4(1), 47-56. doi:10.1037/a0016873
Husain, G., Thompson, W., & Schellenberg, E. (2002). Effects of musical tempo and mode on arousal, mood, and spatial Abilities. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 20(2), 151-171. doi:10.1525/mp.2002.20.2.151
Iwanaga, M., Kobayashi, A., & Kawasaki, C. (2005). Heart rate variability with repetitive exposure to music. Biological Psychology, 70(1), 61-66. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.015
Johnsen, E.L., Tranel, D., Lutgendorf, S., & Adolphs, R. (2009). A neuroana- tomical dissociation for emotion induced by music. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72(1), 24-33. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.011
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I. Deliège, & J. Davidson (Eds.), Music and the mind: Essays in honour of John Sloboda (pp. 113-135). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Juslin, P.N., & Sloboda, J. (Eds.) (2010). Music and Emotion: Theory and Research. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Juslin, P.N., & Västfjäll, D. (2008). Emotional responses to music: the need to consider underlying mechanisms. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31(5), 559-621. doi:10.1017/S0140525X08005293
Kaharie, K., Zachau, G., Eklof, M., Sandsjo, M., & Moeller, C. (2003). Assessment of hearing and hearing disorders in rock/jazz musi- cians. International Journal of Audiology, 42(5), 279-288. doi:10.3109/14992020309078347
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Klein, M. E., & Zatorre, R. J. (2011). A role for the right superior temporal sulcus in categorical perception of musical chords. Neuropsychologia, 49(5), 878-887. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.008
Knight, W.E.J., & Rickard, N.S. (2001). Relaxing music prevents stress-indu- ced increases in subjective anxiety, systolic blood pressure and heart rate in healthy males and females. Journal of Music Therapy, 38(4), 254-272. doi:10.1093/jmt/38.4.254
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Kwon, M., Gang, M., & Oh, K. (2013). Effect of the group music therapy on brain wave, behavior, and cognitive function among patients with chronic schizophrenia. Asian Nursing Research, 7(4), 168-174. doi:10.1016/j. anr.2013.09.005
Labbé, E., Booth, K., Jimmerson, M., & Kauamura, N. (2004). The sound of music: evaluating responses to different music genres. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association. Atlanta, GA.
Labbé, E., Schmidt, N., Babin, J., & Pharr, M. (2007). Coping with stress: The effectiveness of different types of music. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 32(3-4), 163-168. doi:10.1007/s10484-007-9043-9
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