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Resumen
El contexto de pandemia ha generado mayores desafíos para la articulación de la interacción que caracteriza nuestras Ecologías de Aprendizaje. En el nivel de la educación superior, esta problemática ha sido especialmente relevante a causa de las dificultades de restructuración de los aprendizajes y por la sensación de aislamiento que se ha generado debido a la migración forzosa de los procesos de enseñanza presenciales a los entornos virtuales. En esta contribución se analiza una propuesta pedagógica y tecnológica para el diseño de procesos de aprendizaje CSCL (Computer Supported Collaborative Learning) en los que subyace la necesidad de estructurar las interacciones cognitiva, social y organizativa que confluyen en un marco formativo exitoso. El propósito del estudio es comprender los aspectos que deben contemplarse en la interacción para que se produzcan los aprendizajes esperados y analizar las percepciones de los estudiantes en relación con los tipos de interacción que suceden en el proceso de aprendizaje colaborativo. El estudio sigue una metodología cuantitativa no experimental, a través de cuestionario, y contó con la participación de 106 estudiantes de 5 asignaturas de grado que implementan CSCL. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes asocian la interacción cognitiva, social y organizativa con la motivación y la mejora del rendimiento académico, destacando el desarrollo de habilidades para colaborar en el futuro y valorando los sentimientos de pertenencia a la comunidad de aprendizaje ligada a la experiencia.
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Detalles del artículo
Referencias
- Aucejo, E., French. J., Ugalde M., & Zafar, B. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on student experiences and expectations: Evidence from a survey. Journal of Public Economics, 19-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104271.
- Balderas, A., Palomo-Duarte, M., Dodero, J., Ibarra-Sáiz, M. S., & Rodríguez-Gómez, G. (2018). Scalable authentic assessment of collaborative work assignments in wikis. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0122-1
- Bates, A., & Sangrà, A. (2011). Managing Technology in Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Bouhnik, D., & Deshen, M. (2014). WhatsApp goes to school: Mobile instant messaging between teachers and students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 13, 217-231. https://doi.org/10.28945/2051
- Bowman, N. D., & Akcaoglu, M. (2014). “I see smart people!”: Using Facebook to supplement cognitive and affective learning in the university mass lecture. Internet and Higher Education, 23, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2014.05.003
- Borge, M., Ong, Y. S., & Rosé, C. P. (2018). Learning to monitor and regulate collective thinking processes. IJCSCL, 13 (1), 61-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-018-9270-5
- Darling-Hammond, L., & Hyler, M. (2020). Preparing educators for the time of COVID… and beyond. European Journal of Teacher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1816961
- Dillenbourg, P., & Hong, F. (2008). The mechanics of CSCL macro scripts. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 3(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-007-9033-1
- Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M., & Fung, T. S. (2010). Exploring causal relationships among teaching, cognitive and social presence: Student perceptions of the community of inquiry framework. Internet and Higher Education, 13(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.10.002
- González-Sanmamed, M., Sangrà, A., Estévez, I., & Souto, A. (2018). Ecologías de aprendizaje en la Era Digital: Desafíos para la Educación Superior. Publicaciones, 48(1), 11-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/publicaciones.v48i1.7329.
- González-Sanmamed, M., Muñoz-Carril, P. C., & Santos, F. (2019). Key components of learning ecologies: a Delphi assessment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(4), 1639-1655. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12805
- González-Sanmamed, M., Sangrà, A., Souto-Seijo, A., & Estévez, I. (2020). Learning ecologies in the digital era: challenges for higher education. Publicaciones, 50(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.30827/publicaciones.v50i1.15671.
- Hernández-Sellés, N., González-Sanmamed, M., & Muñoz-Carril, P. C. (2014). La planificación del aprendizaje colaborativo en entornos virtuales. Comunicar, 42, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.3916/C42-2014-02
- Hernández-Sellés, N., Muñoz-Carril, P. C., & González-Sanmamed, M. (2019). Computer-supported collaborative learning: An analysis of the relationship between interaction, emotional support and online collaborative tools. Computers & Education, 138, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.04.012
- Hernández-Sellés, N., Muñoz-Carril, P. C., & González-Sanmamed, M. (2020). Interaction in computer supported collaborative learning: an analysis of the implementation phase. Int J Educ Technol High Educ, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00202-5
- Hodges, C., Moore, S., Locjee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The Difference between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning. EDUCAUSE Review.. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-betweenemergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning
- Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Stanne, M. B. (2000). Cooperative learning methods: A meta-analysis. University of Minnesota.
- King, A. (2007). Scripting collaborative learning processes: a cognitive perspective. En F. Fischer, I. Kollar, H. Mandl, & J. M. Haake (Eds.), Scripting computer-supported collaborative learning: Cognitive, computational and educational perspectives (pp.13-37). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36949-5_2
- Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., & Jochems, W. (2003). Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computer-supported collaborative learning environments: a review of the research. Computers in Human Behavior, 19, 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00057-2
- Kuo, Y. C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014). Interaction, Internet self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education course. Internet and Higher Education, 20, 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.001
- Kwon, K., Liu, Y., & Johnson, L. (2014). Group regulation and social-emotional interactions observed in computer supported collaborative Learning: Comparison between good vs. poor collaborators. Computers & Education, 78, 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.06.004
- Lee, E., Chan, C., & van Aalst, J. (2006). Students assessing their own collaborative knowledge building. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 1(1), 57-87 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-006-6844-4
- Macdonald, J. (2003). Assessing online collaborative learning: process and product. Computers & Education, 40(4), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(02)00168-9
- McMillan, J., & Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in Education: Evidence-Based Inquiry. Pearson Addison Wesley.
- Medina, R., & Suthers, D. (2008). Bringing representational practice from log to light. Proceedings of the 8th international conference on International conference for the learning sciences, 59-66.
- Molinillo, S., Aguilar-Illescas, R., Anaya-Sánchez, R., & Vallespín-Arán M. (2018). Exploring the impacts of interactions, social presence and emotional engagement on active collaborative learning in a social web-based environment. Computers & Education, 123, 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.04.012
- Onrubia, J., & Engel, A. (2012). The role of teacher assistance on the effects of a macro- script in collaborative writing tasks. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 7(1), 161-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-011-9125-9
- Osorio Gómez, L. A. (2010). Características de los ambientes híbridos de aprendizaje: estudio de caso de un programa de posgrado de la Universidad de los Andes. RUSC. Universities and Knowledge Society Journal, 7(1).
- Pachler, N., Daly, C., Mor, Y., & Mellar, H. (2010). Formative e-assessment: practitioner cases. Computers & Education, 54(3), 715-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.09.032
- Packham, G., Brychan, P., & Miller, C. (2006). Student and tutor perspectives of on-line moderation. Education & Training, 48(4), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910610671915
- Pérez-Mateo, M., & Guitert, M. (2012). Which Social Elements are Visible in Virtual Groups? Addressing the Categorization of Social Expressions. Computers & Education, 58, 1234-1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.014
- Reyes, M. R., Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., White, M., & Salovey, P. (2012). Classroom emotional climate, student engagement, and academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027268
- Romeu-Fontanillas, T., Guitert, M., Raffaghelli, J.-E., & Sangrà, A. (2020). Ecologías de aprendizaje para usar las TIC inspirándose en docentes referentes. Comunicar, 28(62). https://doi.org/ 10.3916/c62-2020-03
- Rovai, A. P. (2002). Building Sense of Community at a Distance. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v3i1.79
- Stahl, G. (2006). Group cognition: Computer support for building collaborative knowledge. MIT Press.
- Strijbos, J., Martens, R., & Jochems, W. (2004). Designing for Interaction: Six Steps to Designing Computer-Supported Group-based Learning. Computers & Education, 42, 403-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2003.10.004
- Weinberger, A., Stegmann, K., & Fischer, F. (2007). Knowledge convergence in collaborative learning: Concepts and assessment. Learning and Instruction, 17(4), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.03.007
Referencias
Aucejo, E., French. J., Ugalde M., & Zafar, B. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on student experiences and expectations: Evidence from a survey. Journal of Public Economics, 19-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104271.
Balderas, A., Palomo-Duarte, M., Dodero, J., Ibarra-Sáiz, M. S., & Rodríguez-Gómez, G. (2018). Scalable authentic assessment of collaborative work assignments in wikis. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0122-1
Bates, A., & Sangrà, A. (2011). Managing Technology in Higher Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bouhnik, D., & Deshen, M. (2014). WhatsApp goes to school: Mobile instant messaging between teachers and students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 13, 217-231. https://doi.org/10.28945/2051
Bowman, N. D., & Akcaoglu, M. (2014). “I see smart people!”: Using Facebook to supplement cognitive and affective learning in the university mass lecture. Internet and Higher Education, 23, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2014.05.003
Borge, M., Ong, Y. S., & Rosé, C. P. (2018). Learning to monitor and regulate collective thinking processes. IJCSCL, 13 (1), 61-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-018-9270-5
Darling-Hammond, L., & Hyler, M. (2020). Preparing educators for the time of COVID… and beyond. European Journal of Teacher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1816961
Dillenbourg, P., & Hong, F. (2008). The mechanics of CSCL macro scripts. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 3(1), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-007-9033-1
Garrison, D. R., Cleveland-Innes, M., & Fung, T. S. (2010). Exploring causal relationships among teaching, cognitive and social presence: Student perceptions of the community of inquiry framework. Internet and Higher Education, 13(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.10.002
González-Sanmamed, M., Sangrà, A., Estévez, I., & Souto, A. (2018). Ecologías de aprendizaje en la Era Digital: Desafíos para la Educación Superior. Publicaciones, 48(1), 11-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/publicaciones.v48i1.7329.
González-Sanmamed, M., Muñoz-Carril, P. C., & Santos, F. (2019). Key components of learning ecologies: a Delphi assessment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(4), 1639-1655. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12805
González-Sanmamed, M., Sangrà, A., Souto-Seijo, A., & Estévez, I. (2020). Learning ecologies in the digital era: challenges for higher education. Publicaciones, 50(1), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.30827/publicaciones.v50i1.15671.
Hernández-Sellés, N., González-Sanmamed, M., & Muñoz-Carril, P. C. (2014). La planificación del aprendizaje colaborativo en entornos virtuales. Comunicar, 42, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.3916/C42-2014-02
Hernández-Sellés, N., Muñoz-Carril, P. C., & González-Sanmamed, M. (2019). Computer-supported collaborative learning: An analysis of the relationship between interaction, emotional support and online collaborative tools. Computers & Education, 138, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.04.012
Hernández-Sellés, N., Muñoz-Carril, P. C., & González-Sanmamed, M. (2020). Interaction in computer supported collaborative learning: an analysis of the implementation phase. Int J Educ Technol High Educ, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00202-5
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Locjee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The Difference between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning. EDUCAUSE Review.. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-betweenemergency-remote-teaching-and-online-learning
Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Stanne, M. B. (2000). Cooperative learning methods: A meta-analysis. University of Minnesota.
King, A. (2007). Scripting collaborative learning processes: a cognitive perspective. En F. Fischer, I. Kollar, H. Mandl, & J. M. Haake (Eds.), Scripting computer-supported collaborative learning: Cognitive, computational and educational perspectives (pp.13-37). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36949-5_2
Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., & Jochems, W. (2003). Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computer-supported collaborative learning environments: a review of the research. Computers in Human Behavior, 19, 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(02)00057-2
Kuo, Y. C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014). Interaction, Internet self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education course. Internet and Higher Education, 20, 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.001
Kwon, K., Liu, Y., & Johnson, L. (2014). Group regulation and social-emotional interactions observed in computer supported collaborative Learning: Comparison between good vs. poor collaborators. Computers & Education, 78, 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.06.004
Lee, E., Chan, C., & van Aalst, J. (2006). Students assessing their own collaborative knowledge building. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 1(1), 57-87 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-006-6844-4
Macdonald, J. (2003). Assessing online collaborative learning: process and product. Computers & Education, 40(4), 377-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(02)00168-9
McMillan, J., & Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in Education: Evidence-Based Inquiry. Pearson Addison Wesley.
Medina, R., & Suthers, D. (2008). Bringing representational practice from log to light. Proceedings of the 8th international conference on International conference for the learning sciences, 59-66.
Molinillo, S., Aguilar-Illescas, R., Anaya-Sánchez, R., & Vallespín-Arán M. (2018). Exploring the impacts of interactions, social presence and emotional engagement on active collaborative learning in a social web-based environment. Computers & Education, 123, 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.04.012
Onrubia, J., & Engel, A. (2012). The role of teacher assistance on the effects of a macro- script in collaborative writing tasks. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 7(1), 161-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-011-9125-9
Osorio Gómez, L. A. (2010). Características de los ambientes híbridos de aprendizaje: estudio de caso de un programa de posgrado de la Universidad de los Andes. RUSC. Universities and Knowledge Society Journal, 7(1).
Pachler, N., Daly, C., Mor, Y., & Mellar, H. (2010). Formative e-assessment: practitioner cases. Computers & Education, 54(3), 715-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.09.032
Packham, G., Brychan, P., & Miller, C. (2006). Student and tutor perspectives of on-line moderation. Education & Training, 48(4), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910610671915
Pérez-Mateo, M., & Guitert, M. (2012). Which Social Elements are Visible in Virtual Groups? Addressing the Categorization of Social Expressions. Computers & Education, 58, 1234-1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.014
Reyes, M. R., Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., White, M., & Salovey, P. (2012). Classroom emotional climate, student engagement, and academic achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 700–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027268
Romeu-Fontanillas, T., Guitert, M., Raffaghelli, J.-E., & Sangrà, A. (2020). Ecologías de aprendizaje para usar las TIC inspirándose en docentes referentes. Comunicar, 28(62). https://doi.org/ 10.3916/c62-2020-03
Rovai, A. P. (2002). Building Sense of Community at a Distance. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v3i1.79
Stahl, G. (2006). Group cognition: Computer support for building collaborative knowledge. MIT Press.
Strijbos, J., Martens, R., & Jochems, W. (2004). Designing for Interaction: Six Steps to Designing Computer-Supported Group-based Learning. Computers & Education, 42, 403-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2003.10.004
Weinberger, A., Stegmann, K., & Fischer, F. (2007). Knowledge convergence in collaborative learning: Concepts and assessment. Learning and Instruction, 17(4), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.03.007