Populismo y nacionalismo: representando al pueblo como “los de abajo” y como nación

Autores/as

  • Benjamin De Cleen Department of Communication Studies Vrije Universiteit Brussel
  • Yannis Stavrakakis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Egnatia 46, 3rd floor, School of Political Sciences, Faculty of Economic and Political Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki,

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30827/acfs.v53i0.7427

Palabras clave:

populismo, nacionalismo, teoria del discurso, Laclau

Resumen

Las estrechas conexiones empíricas y las afinidades conceptuales entre el populismo y el nacionalismo han llevado a una superposición generalizada pero engañosa entre los conceptos de populismo y nacionalismo en los debates académicos, en el periodismo y en la retórica política. A pesar de la evidente importancia de las conexiones entre el nacionalismo y el populismo, sus relaciones conceptuales y empíricas han recibido una atención bastante limitada. Basándonos en la tradición teórico-discursivo post-estructuralista asociada a Laclau y Mouffe y la Escuela de Essex de análisis del discurso, este artículo trata el populismo y el nacionalismo como formas distintas de construir discursivamente y de reclamar representar al “pueblo” como “los de abajo” (underdog en inglés) y como nación, respectivamente. Las diferencias entre ambos conceptos también se pueden identificar y resaltar desde una perspectiva espacial u orientacional, al mirar la arquitectura del populismo y el nacionalismo como si se estructurase en torno a un eje abajo/arriba (poder vertical) y un dentro/fuera (horizontal - identidad y territorio) respectivamente. Sobre la base de este marco, sugerimos que la coincidencia del populismo y el nacionalismo pueden estudiarse fructíferamente a través del prisma de la articulación. Una vez más, un enfoque en la arquitectura discursiva permite comprender cómo distintos proyectos políticos construyen diferentes discursos al conectar los componentes básicos del populismo y el nacionalismo de maneras particulares. La última parte del artículo ilustra los beneficios del enfoque teórico-discursivo al estudiar la articulación del populismo y el nacionalismo en el rechazo excluyente y nacionalista de la derecha populista radical de la diversidad étnico-cultural y en las críticas de la política supranacional y multinacional encontradas tanto en la izquierda como en la derecha.

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Biografía del autor/a

Benjamin De Cleen, Department of Communication Studies Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Benjamin De Cleen is an assistant professor at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel’s Communication Studies Department where he is the coordinator of the English-language master on Journalism and Media in Europe. His research is situated within critical discourse studies, and has mainly been focused on radical right rhetoric, and on the discourse-theoretical conceptualization of populism, nationalism and conservatism. Recent work has been published in journals such as Javnost-The Public, Journal of Political Ideologies, Organization, and in the Oxford Handbook of Populism.

Benjamin is the international chair of the Centre for Democracy, Signification and Resistance, an international joint research group that brings together people from the VUB, University of Ljubljana, University of Essex, Uppsala University, and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

Yannis Stavrakakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Egnatia 46, 3rd floor, School of Political Sciences, Faculty of Economic and Political Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki,

Yannis Stavrakakis studied political science at Panteion University (Athens) and received his MA degree from the Ideology and Discourse Analysis Programme at the University of Essex, where he also completed his PhD. He has worked at the Universities of Essex and Nottingham before taking up his position at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2006.

His research primarily focuses on contemporary political theory (with emphasis on psychoanalytic and poststructuralist approaches) and on the analysis of ideology and discourse in late modern societies (with emphasis on populism, environmentalism, nationalism and post‐democracy). He is the author of Lacan and the Political (Routledge, London & New York 1999) and The Lacanian Left (Edinburgh University Press/ SUNY Press, Edinburgh and Albany 2007) and co‐editor of Discourse Theory and Political Analysis (Manchester University Press, Manchester 2000), Lacan & Science (Karnac, London 2002), Aspects of Censorship in Greece (Nefeli, Athens 2008) and The Political in Contemporary Art (Ekkremes, Athens 2008). He has co-authored with Nikolas Sevastakis, Populism, anti-populism and crisis (Nefeli, Athens 2012). He is vice-president of the Hellenic Political Science Association and co-convener of the Populism Specialist Group of the British Political Studies Association. During the period 2014-15 he headed the research programme: POPULISMUS: Populist Discourse and Democracy.

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Publicado

2018-12-03

Cómo citar

De Cleen, B., & Stavrakakis, Y. (2018). Populismo y nacionalismo: representando al pueblo como “los de abajo” y como nación. Anales De La Cátedra Francisco Suárez, 53, 97–130. https://doi.org/10.30827/acfs.v53i0.7427

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Sección

Populismos