Las iniciativas colectivas de los excombatientes de las FARC-EP en la reincorporación: Retos para Contribuir a la Construcción de Paz en Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30827/revpaz.16.22765Palavras-chave:
Colectivismo, Excombatientes, Acuerdo de Paz, Construcción de Paz, ReintegraciónResumo
Em 2016, o governo colombiano assinou um acordo de paz com as Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia - Exército Popular (FARC-EP), e procurou reintegrar mais de 13.000 ex-combatentes à sociedade através de uma abordagem chamada reincorporação coletiva. Esta abordagem se concentra no desenvolvimento de ações coletivas que promovem a reintegração social, econômica e política dos ex-combatentes, e o uso de seus legados ideológicos e emocionais como ferramenta de transformação social. Baseado em uma etnografia multisite em três áreas da Colômbia, este estudo mostra que a reincorporação coletiva contribui para novos conhecimentos sobre como implementar processos de reintegração, superando o paradigma individualista dominante definido nas normas de Desarmamento, Desmobilização e Reintegração (DDR). Os resultados identificam ex-combatentes como sujeitos ativos na construção da paz, e como agentes de mudança que promovem o desenvolvimento e a construção da paz de baixo para cima nas áreas onde eles se estabelecem.
Palavras-chave: Colômbia, reincorporação coletiva, DDR, ex-combatentes, construção da paz, reintegração.
Downloads
Referências
References
Acosta-Navas, D., & Reyes, C. F. (2018). From combatants’ boots: Reincorporation and reconciliation. In F. A. Diaz (Ed.), Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Colombia (pp. 118–136). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315148373.
Alape, P. (2020). Actitudes de ex-integrantes de las FARC-EP frente a la reincorporación. Presentation of the Research Actitudes de Ex-Integrantes de Las FARC-EP Frente a La Reincorporación. [online] https://uniandes.edu.co/es/noticias/gobierno-y-politica/transmision-actitudes-de-exintegrantes-de-las-farcep-frente-a-la-reincorporacion [accessed: December 12th 2020].
ARN. (2020). Traslado de excombatientes Farc-Ep de Ituango a Mutatá, concluyó exitosamente: Gobierno. [online] https://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/es/sala-de-prensa/noticias/Paginas/2020/Traslado-de-excombatientes-Farc-Ep-de-Ituango-a-Mutata-concluyo-exitosamente.aspx [accessed: November 20th 2020].
Ávila, A. (2020). La División de las Farc, las Disidencias y la Guerra por los Territorios [FARC’s Division, Dissidence and the Territorial War]. El Espectador, 2020. [online] https://www.elespectador.com/colombia/mas-regiones/la-division-de-las-farc-las-disidencias-y-la-guerra-por-los-territorios-article/ [accessed: December 1st 2020].
Bowd, R., & Özerdem, A. (2013). How to assess social reintegration of ex-combatants. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 7(4), 453–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2012.727537.
Buxton, J. (2008). Reintegration and long-term development: Linkages and challenges. In Centre for International Cooperation and Security.
CEDE. (2020). Reincorporación: Un camino de retos hacia la paz [Reincorporation: A way of challenges to peace] (p. 102). Escuela de Gobierno Universidad de los Andes. [online] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gP102etKN8 [accessed: November 20th 2020].
Cheng, C. (2018). Extralegal groups in post-conflict Liberia (First Edit). Oxford University Press.
Daly, S. Z. (2016). Organized violence after civil war: The geography of recruitment in Latin America. https://doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2018.1495237.
De Vries, H., & Wiegink, N. (2011). Breaking up and going home? Contesting two assumptions in the demobilization and reintegration of former combatants. International Peacekeeping, 18(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2011.527506.
Denissen, M. (2010). Reintegrating ex-combatants into civilian life: The case of the paramilitaries in Colombia. Peace & Change, 35(2), 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2009.00630.x.
DNP. (2018). Política Nacional Para La Reincorporación Social Y Económica De Exintegrantes De Las Farc-Ep. CONPES 391, 1–88.
Falzon, M. A. (2012). Multi–sited ethnography: Theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research. In M. A. Falzon (Ed.), Muti-Site Ethnography. Theory, Praxis and Locality in Contemporary Research (pp. 1–290). Ashgate e-Book.
Friðriksdóttir, G. (2018). Ex-combatants as social activists: War, peace and ideology in Burundi. Conflict, Security and Development, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2017.1420311.
Guasca, M., Broeck, A. M. Van, & Vanneste, D. (2021). Tourism and the Social Reintegration of Colombian Ex- Combatants Role and Impact of Tourism in Peacebuilding and Conflict Transformation. In Role and Impact of Tourism in Peacebuilding and Conflict Transformation (pp. 66–86).
Hannerz, U. (2003). Being there…and there…and there! Ethnography, 4(2), 201–216.
IDEPAZ. (2024). Lideres sociales, defensores de DDHH y firmantes de acuerdo asesinado [Social leadersm defender of DDHH and agreement signatories assassinated in 2021]. [online] https://indepaz.org.co/lideres-sociales-defensores-de-dd-hh-y-firmantes-de-acuerdo-asesinados-en-2022/ Sticky Note [accessed: July 10th 2024].
Kaplan, O., & Nussio, E. (2015). Community counts: The social reintegration of ex-combatants in Colombia. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894215614506.
Kilroy, W., & Basini, H. (2018). Social capital made explicit: The role of norms, networks, and trust in reintegrating Ex-combatants and peacebuilding in Liberia. International Peacekeeping, 25(3), 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2018.1461564.
KROC. (2017). Informe sobre el Estado Efectivo de la Implementación del Acuerdo de Paz en Colombia. Primer Informe. [online] https://kroc.nd.edu/assets/257593/informe_kroc.pdf [accessed: December 2nd 2017].
Mac Ginty, R. (2010). No war, no peace: Why so many peace processes fail to deliver peace. International Politics, 47(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2010.4.
Mac Ginty, R. (2014). Everyday peace: Bottom-up and local agency in conflict-affected societies. Security Dialogue, 45(6), 548–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010614550899.
Marcus, G. (1995). Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergency of Multi-sited Ethnography. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 95–117.
Martínez, H., & Lefebvre, I. (2019). La reincorporación económica de los excombatientes de las FARC [Economic reincorporation of ex-FARC combatants]. FIP Notas Estratégicas, 1–54.
McFee, E., Johnson, K., & Adarve, M. (2019). Aprender a ser en la Colombia del post-acuerdo: Relaciones intergrupales entre los ex guerrilleros de las FARC-EP, la ONU y las Comunidades [Learning to be in post-Agreement Colombia: Intergroup relations between former FARC-EP Guerrillas, the UN and the communities. In Excombatientes y acuerdos de Paz con las FARC-EP en Colombia (pp. 189–223). Universidad de los Andes. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.30778/2019.47.
McFee, E., & Rettberg, A. (2019). Contexto de los desafios de la implementación temprana en Colombia [Context of early implementation challenges in Colombia]. In Excombatientes y acuerdos de Paz con las FARC-EP en Colombia (pp. 1–17). Universidad de los Andes. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.30778/2019.81.
Munive, J., & Stepputat, F. (2015). Rethinking Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Programs. Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, 4(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.go.
Nussio, E. (2012). Emotional Legacies of War among Former Colombian Paramilitaries. Peace and Conflict, 18(4), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030327.
Nussio, E., & Oppenheim, B. (2014). Anti-social capital in former members of non-state armed groups: A case study of Colombia. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 37(12), 999–1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.962438.
Nussio, E., & Quishpe, R. C. (2019). La fuerza centrífuga del posconflicto: las FARC-EP entre la Unidad y la Desintegración [The centrifugal force of post-conflict: FARC-EP between Unity and Disintegration]. In Excombatientes y Acuerdos de Paz con las FARC-EP en Colombia (pp. 163–187). Universidad de los Andes. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.30778/2019.46.
Nussio, E., Rettberg, A., & Ugarriza, J. E. (2015). Victims, nonvictims and their opinions on transitional justice: Findings from the Colombian case. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 9(2), 336–354. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijv006.
O’Brien, C. A. (2023). Imagining Collective Reincorporation: Perceptions of Colombia’s Novel Approach to Peacebuilding. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 17(3), 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijad032
Oettler, A., & Rettberg, A. (2019). Varieties of reconciliation in violent contexts: Lessons from Colombia. Peacebuilding, 7(3), 329–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2019.1617029
ONU. (2023). Informe trimestral. Misión de Verificación de las Naciones Unidas en Colombia. 26 of September 2023. S/2023/701. [online] https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n23/270/77/pdf/n2327077.pdf?OpenElement= [accessed: October 23rd 2023].
Pécaut, D. (2008). Las FARC: Fuentes de su longevidad y de la conservación de su cohesión. Analisis Politico, 21(63), 22–50.
Podder, S. (2017). Ex-combatant agency and re-recruitment. Critical Studies on Security, 5(2), 145–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2017.1329474.
Presidencia de Colombia. (2016). Final agreement to end the armed conflict and build a stable and lasting peace. https://www.peaceagreements.org/viewmasterdocument/1845.
Prieto, J. D. (2012). Together after war while the war goes on: Victims, ex-combatants and communities in three Colombian cities. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 6, 526–546. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijs022.
Rodríguez López, M., Andreouli, E., & Howarth, C. (2015). From ex-Combatants to citizens: connecting everyday citizenship and social reintegration in Colombia. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 3(2), 171–191. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v3i2.388.
RT. (2017). Colombia: A un Año del fin de la guerra, las FARC exigen tierras [Colombia: One year after the end of the war, FARC demands land]. Actualidad. [online] https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/255978-colombia-aniversario-acuerdos-paz-gobierno-farc [accessed: September 12nd 2023].
Rueda, C. (2020). La Reincorporación socioeconómica: entre la autogestión y las pretensiones de fragmentación [Socioeconomic reincorporation: between Self-management and claims of fragmentation]. Gentes del Común. [online] https://cepdipo-co.org/publicacion?p=137/ [accessed: July 21st 2020].
Segura, R., & Stein, S. (2019). The FARC’s collective reincorporation project: Its impact on Colombia’s DDR. SSRC, July, 0–15.
Semana, R. (2017). ¿Cuál es la estrategia para la reincorporación de las FARC a la sociedad civil? [What is the strategy for the reincorporation of the FARC into civil society?] [Broadcast]. In Semana en Vivo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jBw6YUWN9o&t=593s [accessed: November 21st 2017].
Söderberg Kovacs, M., & Hatz, S. (2016). Rebel-to-party transformations in civil war peace processes 1975–2011. Democratization, 23(6), 990–1008. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1159558.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2002). Bases de la investigación cualitativa. Técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada (p. 341). Universidad de Antioquia.
Themnér, A. (2011). Violence in post-conflict societies: Remarginalization, remobilizers and relationships. In Violence in Post-Conflict Societies: Remarginalization, Remobilizers and Relationships. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203814598.
Thorsell, S. (2013). Towards people-centred economic reintegration? An analysis of the economic reintegration strategy of demobilised combatants in Colombia. Colombia Internacional, 77, 177–215. https://doi.org/10.7440/colombiaint77.2013.07.
United Nations. (2006). Integrated Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Standards. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002707302790.
Valencia Agudelo, G., & Chaverra, F. (2019). Cooperativismo y reincorporación socioeconómica de exintegrantes de las Farc-ep en Colombia [Cooperativism and socio-economic reincorporation of Ex-FARC-EP members in Colombia]. Revista de Paz y Conflictos, 12(1988–7221), 227–248.
Verdad Abierta. (2021). La deuda letal con los integrantes de las Farc que le apostaron a la paz. [online] https://verdadabierta.com/la-deuda-letal-con-los-integrantes-de-las-farc-que-le-apostaron-a-la-paz/ [accessed: October 23rd 2021].
Wiegink, N. (2019). The good, the bad, and the awkward: The making of war veterans in postindependence Mozambique. Conflict and Society, 5(1), 150–167. https://doi.org/10.3167/arcs.2019.050110.
Zambrano Quintero, L. (2019). The collective reincorporation of the FARC-EP: a strategic bet in an adverse environment. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 121, 45–66. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2019.121.1.45.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
