Revista científica electrónica de Educación y Comunicación en la Sociedad del Conocimiento
Publicación en línea (Semestral) Granada (España) Época II Año XIX Vol. 19 Número 2 Julio-Diciembre de 2019 ISSN: 1695-324X
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/eticanet.v19i2.11849
48
BEHAVIORS IN WOMEN ACADEMICIANS: A
PERSPECTIVE FROM HIGHER EDUCATIONAL SECTOR
Fuentes socioeconómicas de los comportamientos psicológicos en mujeres
académicas: una perspectiva del sector educativo superior
Tahira Iram
mini_sayal1@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3571-7987
Faculty of commerce & finance
Superior university Lahore (Pakistan)
Ahmad Raza Bilal
abilal@su.edu.om
Sohar University Oman
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-7093
Faculty of commerce & finance
Superior university Lahore (Pakistan)
Sajida Parveen
sp_pisces1@yahoo.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7655-374x
Faculty of commerce & finance
Superior university Lahore (Pakistan)
Zeshan Ahmad
malikzeeshan1@hotmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7877-3893
Faculty of business and accounting
University of Malaya (Kuala Lumpur Malaysia)
Recibido: 27/08/2019
Revisado: 10/09/2019
Aceptado: 19/11/2019
Revista científica electrónica de Educación y Comunicación en la Sociedad del Conocimiento
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Resumen
Las mujeres constituyen un segmento social altamente no representado en
términos de investigación del comportamiento psicológico en la academia. Al
cerrar esta brecha, el presente estudio amplía la comprensión del
comportamiento psicológico de las mujeres y su relación con su estado
socioeconómico que finalmente afecta a la academia. Se realizó una encuesta
basada en la muestra de 300 profesores de las instituciones de educación
superior de Pakistán, seleccionados mediante una técnica de muestreo
aleatorio. Los datos se analizaron mediante ACP (análisis de componentes
principales), regresión lineal y ANOVA unidireccional utilizando SPSS. Los
resultados revelaron que el estado socioeconómico de la facultad docente
femenina desempeña un papel importante en la configuración de sus
comportamientos psicológicos. Teóricamente, este estudio ha agregado la
clase socioeconómica como un precedente importante del comportamiento
psicológico de las mujeres en la academia. Además, ha ofrecido ideas para la
gestión en las instituciones de educación superior para impartir conciencia
sobre la exhibición de comportamientos psicológicos positivos y reducir la
influencia negativa de la conciencia del estado a través de sesiones de tutoría y
capacitación.
Abstract
Women constitute a highly unrepresented social segment in terms of
psychological behavior research in academia. Bridging this gap, the present
study extends the understating of women’s psychological behavior and its
relation to their socio-economic status which finally effect the academia. A
survey was carried out based on the sample of 300 female faculty in the Higher
Educational Institutions of Pakistan, selected through random sampling
technique. The data were analyzed via PCA (principal component analysis),
Linear Regression, and one way ANOVA using SPSS. The findings revealed
that the socio-economic status of female teaching faculty plays a significant role
in shaping their psychological behaviors. Theoretically, this study has added
socio-economic class as an important precedent of the psychological behavior
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50
of women in academia. Moreover, it has offered insights for the management in
the Higher Educational Institutions to impart awareness regarding the display of
positive psychological behaviors and reduce the negative influence of status
consciousness through mentoring and training sessions.
Palabras Clave: Estatus socioeconómico, comportamiento social,
comportamiento personal
Keywords: Socioeconomic status, social behavior, personal behavior
Introduction
Behavior is the way to act and react. Behaviors are always backed by human
psychology. Every person behave in his own way. Behavior has its own
influence on person’s social living as well as on its social relations. The
behavior impulses are different in male and female. Both genders act differently
under the same situation. Behavioral factors of teachers not only affect the
social relationships but also affect the academia. Student’s colleagues and even
the departments suffered due to negative behavioral impulses shown by the
female teachers. The one of the reasons behind their negative behavior is the
socioeconomic status of themselves or their spouse. High social status or one
can say higher social class exhibits more unethical behavior (Piff, Stancato,
Côté, denton, & Keltner, 2017). Socio-economic status is the measure of
individual’s abilities to cope with the society that how well he/she is established
in himself that he can meet the demands of the society. The measures which
calculate the socioeconomic status also measures the social position as well
(Hollingshead, 1957). The socio-economic status of a person consists of his
power, wealth and prestige. It can also be said that socioeconomic status can
be defined as a financial and sociological collective measure of an individual's
work involvement and of an individual's or family monetary and social position
as compared to the others, due to high salary, high training, and well renown
occupation. It is often estimated as a combination of direction, pay and
profession.
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Scrutiny of financial status usually un-hides the disparities to get access the
assets, to identify the benefits, power and control. Socio-economic status pays
attention not only on income but it comprises on education also, which also
plays a major role. It provides not only a monetary security but also a subjective
view of public position and social class. Socio-economic status can encircle
individual satisfaction characteristics and in addition the openings and benefits
stand to persons inside society. Neediness, mostly, isn't an only factor but
instead it is developed by different physical and psychosocial stressors. Further,
Socio-economic status is a sound and solid indicator of an immense range of
results over the life anticipation for being wellbeing. Through this way, Socio-
economic status is very much important to the all fields of behavioral and
sociology, including research, practice and instructions (Coie, Dodge &
Coppotelli, 1982).
Human behavior is the totality of concrete attitude (Spiro & Traditional, 1952).
Human behavior is the combination of individual’s internal as well as external
stimuli. The individual personality traits are the determinant of his success,
these can be measured through IQ tests as well as the personality is the key to
success (Almlund, Heckman, Duckworth, & Kautz, 2011). Social behavior is the
subset of human behavior which includes social interaction, behavior, rapport,
ethics and authority of an individual. Human behavior is the reactions of people
or social events of people to inside and outer lifts. It suggests the diversity in
each physical activity and clear feeling related with people, and furthermore
humankind. If we study the women side then women pioneers scored
fundamentally higher than male pioneers in convincingness, as indicated by the
Caliper. In spite of being facilitated by age and acquired qualities, immediate,
went to a limited degree by considerations and thoughts, is a perception into
specific identity, uncovering despite various things points of view and attributes.
Social thought, a subset of human behavior, think about the critical impact of
social interest and culture. Further impacts of behavior join together the morals,
encasing, world-class, equality, charming, effect and weight.
The examination of social behavior is routinely endorsed as "social character
get some information about", however truly thinking about social affiliations isn't
just the major issue. Sociologists and anthropologists, among others, in like way
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consider social tries in different ways. What sees social character get a couple
of data about out of these unmistakable controls is the supplement for an
individual as the explanation, that is, social psychologists explain that how
individual behave in different situations, and how the individual get affected by
social structures. Once in a while, the considering is what things influence the
individual behavior through others, and that is considered as social impact.
Social impact can join design impacts, as overpowering key ace, what's more
circumlocutory impacts, for instance, envisioning how sidekicks would influence
in different situations. In the other scenario, social experts consider the
academic strategies that are used in understanding ourselves what's more in
outstanding people, called social learning. Stereotyping and point of view alter
are occasions of social mental structures.
Women behavior is comparatively less studied area especially in higher
education departments. Women tend to show more emotions, feelings as
compared men even at work place. A worldwide investigation was done in 2009
by the Accenture and argues that 70% of the subordinates (both men and
women) approach their managers for complains and difficulties which they are
facing at workplace and the women request more as compared to the men.
Women used to perform their duties more dutifully and with punctuality even for
more hours, about 54% of women worked for 9 to 11 hours per day as
compared to the 41% men. Women likewise communicated an eagerness to do
some work on unpaid leave, and were less inclined to spend their debilitated
days "playing hooky, taking a psychological well-being day, experiencing a
headache, or meeting for another activity."
The behavior of women, particular related to the living things falls inside a range
with some behavior being common, some surprising, some adequate, and
some past satisfactory cutoff points. In human science, coordinate when all is
said in done joins practices having no centrality, being not created at various
individuals, and in this way all essential human activities. Coordinate in this
general sense ought not to be blended up with social behavior, which is a
further made social development, particularly arranged at various individuals.
Human behavior is investigated by the particular instructive controls of
psychiatry, cerebrum science, social work, humanism, cash related points of
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view, and human sciences. Various factors like hereditary qualities, social
measures, and assurance join together to form a behavior. Human behavior is
experienced all through a man's whole lifetime. It merges the way they act in
light of various activities or behaviors from every individual. Social impact can
actually strengthen the impacts, similar to total fundamental activity, and spiteful
impacts, for instance, envisioning how individual would respond to a specific
circumstance. In different cases, social guidance take a gander at the
psychological approach that we use in understanding ourselves and what's
more exceptional people, called social information. Stereotyping and
perspective change are occasions of social mental frameworks.
There are very less researches in this discipline of socioeconomic status on the
behavior of women even the researches related to the socioeconomic status
are itself in a good collection, even the behavioral problems also have a lot of
researches but the combination of these too variables are not found in any
journal. Although socioeconomic status has been measured through many
dimensions in the literature but not from this edge.
Due to the shortage availability of research articles regarding specific to this
topic. The significance of this research is to evaluate the change in the behavior
of women with change in their status would be helpful for the institution in
understanding the behavior of their employees affecting the student
performance/results and even the educational administrative activities. Women
with high social status get self-oriented most of the time and like to be social
sometime to meet the same type of community to get benefits. This research
focuses on such type of behaviors which arises out of the change in their
monthly income and designation.
Literature Review
The common measures of socioeconomic status are mentioned in the literature
as income and social position of a person. The division and rankings of
education seems to be better but the index usually combines the education and
occupation together (Coie, Dodge & Coppotelli, 1983). Jones(1981) uses the
questionnaire survey technique to find the relationship between the political
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characteristics and socioeconomic status about the new developing
organizations. According to his research behavior in china he found the positive
relationship between them. SES is also used in health sciences by the heath
researcher, the measures of SES are Occupation, income and wealth. There
are many ways to measure such construct that ‘is showing its complexity. The
terminologies social stratification, social class and socioeconomic status are
sometimes used synonymously, but each terminology has also its own
theoretical bases as well (Galobardes, Shaw, Lawlor, Lynch, & Smith, 2006).
Measure through these two dimensions, designation and monthly income.
Psychological behavior is measured through these two dimensions, social
behavior and personal behavior. Social behavior refers to the variety of social
activities and feeling related with people, and additionally humankind. While
special characteristic of one's identity and nature might be more reliable,
different practices will change as one move from birth through adulthood.
The exemplary perspective of personal behavior is that individuals have mental
characteristics that give designing and cognizance to their conduct. In any case,
despite the fact that the emphasis is on characteristics of the individual, it is
right to state that these great positions, be they psychodynamic,
phenomenological, or dispositional, all determine to some degree that their
presumed qualities have relational sources and, regularly, orientations.
Examples of tension and safeguard, unauthentic self-discernments, and
characteristics create through an arrangement of genuinely normal and regular
relational encounters (Uchino, Vaughn, & Matwin, 2012).
This investigation demonstrated that personality ought to be considered as a
distinctive factor during the time spent. Be that as it may, identity measurements
ought not to be investigated all in all as the general personality closeness may
not precisely survey the real coordinating between people. Rather, they
performed data analysis which demonstrated the presence of relations among
the individual measurements.
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Designation and behavior
Designation is a social position of a person, which refers to the relative rank that
an individual holds; this incorporates orderly rights, obligations, and way of life,
in a social progressive system in view of respect or renown. The designations’
helps a person in earning more that’s why his purchasing power get increase.
Sosa, Biediger-Friedman & Banda (2014) in his research coded that the patrons
purchasing behavior of a person always depends upon his designation.
Designation also personal and social behavior and this relationship gets strong
when the organizations get higher degree of internationalization, and he also
notifies that the relationship between the political ties and socioeconomic
statuses is weaker when the ventures get high degree of innovation. The main
determinants of socioeconomic status are the income, occupation or the
combinations of these both dimensions, according to (Winkleby, Jatulis, Frank &
Fortmann, 1992).
H1-Designation has relationship with the personal behavior of women
H2-Designation has relationship with the social behavior of women
The education is mostly used to measure the socioeconomic status, he also
concluded that the higher education of an individual may be the good predictor
of his good health. The egoism of an individual is based upon his monetary
wealth (Zabel, 2005). As the person’s socioeconomic status even do not effect
on his religious funding or capabilities (Rahayu Hijrah Hati & Idris, 2014). Mostly
the consequences of socioeconomic status effects the minds (Straiton, Reneflot
& Diaz, 2016). One of the researcher also did research on behavior of women
and selected his population from nursing side and he argue the presence of
stimuli of positive behaviors among nursing staff (Araujo & Figueiredo, 2019).
Income and behavior
Usually women more focus on problems rather than their solution (Maddock,
1993). Researcher argue that human nature is that everything can be
purchased, problem of any type could be solved through money (Zabel, 2005).
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There are various purposes behind thinking about wealth, income and the
income-wealth proportion as key pointers of prosperity (Christelis, Jappelli,
Paccagnella, & Weber, 2006). Women are the part of my studied usually a
woman thinks that her lifestyle and self-concept is her identity (Peters, Shelton,
& Thomas, 2011).
According to (Galobardes et al., 2006) income is the indicator of SES that most
straightforwardly measures the material assets segment. Similarly as with
different markers, for example, instruction, income has a ''dosage reaction''
relationship with wellbeing. Income additionally has a combined impact over the
life course and is the SES marker that can change most on a transient premise,
in spite of the fact that this dynamic viewpoint is once in a while considered in
epidemiological studies. It is improbable that cash in itself straightforwardly
influences wellbeing; therefore it is the change of cash and resources into
wellbeing improving products and administrations by means of use that might
be the more significant idea for translating how salary influences wellbeing.
Personality stability theory implied on the social networks of the individuals, the
(Maria et al., 2014) verified that similar personalities attract each other for some
values, such as openness, agreeableness and extraversion, he also told that
some people personality can be judged through their way of conversation. A
great many people put something aside for retirement, and achieve retirement
age with significant measure of benefits. These benefits give pay to the elderly
as rents from land, interests on government and different bonds, profits from
stocks. Similar resources can be spent amid the retirement time frame and
changed over into a stream of utilization. Personality is such a subject which is
researched by many researchers’ from a decade, it is the totality of behavior
emotional and attitudinal patterns(Maria et al., 2014). Women are the under
studied area which we analyzed from past researches. Income not only effect
the personal behavior but it also smoothen the firm equilibrium behavior too
(Lambert, 1984) thus income is interrelate to the behaviors.
H3- Monthly income has relationship with the personal behavior of women
H4- Monthly income has relationship with the social behavior of women
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Moreover, riches can give a support to ensure wellbeing and different dangers,
which is vital now and again when the length of life is expanding together with
the cost of medicinal services. To discuss such related issues a survey was
behavioral in different countries with similar type of standard of living but in
different institutions (Christelis et al., 2006). The overconfidence with optimism
and the proactive behavior are positively and significantly correlated with each
other (Syed, Burke, Acar, Fiksenbaum & Koyuncu, 2010).
The attitudes that separate men and women, and prompt contrasting
socialization, create at a beginning time. Conventional stereotyping begins from
the time of birth in light of the fact that whether the youngster is a boy or girl.
Youth socialization and the recreations kids play may have a result for women'
inability to see the casual power arrange. Socialization shapes singular work
desires, for instance, what sort of occupations are open and furthermore
different needs throughout everyday life, for example, the significance of family.
The exceptionally most recent research mirrors the impacts of guardians'
conventional sex-part states of mind; in spite of young women and young men
having a similar school reviews and being scored also in math’s tests,
guardians of young women express less trust of the guardians as compare to
the guardians of girls (Lahtinen & Wilson, 1994). Human behavior is viewed as
the aftereffect of three constituting segments: social forming genetic disposition,
and situational correctives. These parts are associated and interlinked in an
"inward model" with the assistance of four input circles (constructivist criticism
circle, crisis and reflex criticism circle, connection criticism circle, and
adjustment criticism circle) in the solidarity of eco-and psycho sphere (Zabel,
2005).
The researcher initially evaluates if women' identity characteristics of aspiration,
inspiration and flexibility are by implication identified with their administrative
progression through preparing and advancement and work hours (mediation). It
at that point looks as if identity characteristics (the moderators) impact the
manner by which women utilize preparing and improving the work hours. A
confidential, review was sent to 1,346 women working in banks.
One of the researcher proved that the relationship between the five factor of
personality and prototype image of an effective leader is significant in
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Designation
nature(Leung & Bozionelos, 2004). The outcomes give confirm that masculinity
and versatility are identified with women. The outcomes additionally
demonstrate that personality traits work as moderator, by demonstrating that
desire ambitions weaken the training and development (Metz, 2014). One argue
that the behavioral of the researcher argue that the behavioral factors are
influenced by the genes of ancestors which inherits us , she further focus that if
selfish behavior leads to a reproductive success then it will impel the individual
to be a selfish(Bergstrom, 2002).
The biologists don’t believe that the behavior passes from generation to
generation (Rachlin, 2002) other than a strong mechanism. The gender
differences creates behavioral differences(Urquhart & Yeoman, 2010). As the
social position also affect the behavior and health of an individual as one of the
researchers claim that lower the position of a person lower the mortality rates
and vice versa (Lundberg, Diderichsen & Yngwe, 2001). The social status also
create behavioral problems among the growing children which can be of internal
as well as external (Mcgrath, 2015). Socioeconomic status also create health
attitudes and issues.
Fig. 1. Theoretical Model
Independent variable Dependent Variable
(Socioeconomic status) (Psychological Behavior)
Monthly
income
Personal behavior
• “I am a person of worth”
• “I have no of good qualities”
• I am to be proud of
• I take positive attitudes
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The research has been done on children behaviors, nurses’ behavior even on
health issues which are directly or indirectly related to SES but no research was
done in this scenario regarding the behavior of women from higher education
department due to socioeconomic status. Women are the under studied area
ever and their behavior in different situations is also need to be study, so the
research gap which was existing is the women behavior changes with the
change in their socioeconomic status positively and in a self-oriented way both.
Methodology
Quantitative approach is used to analyze the data through survey method. For
this purpose the female academicians are selected from the higher education
department which covers a huge quota of education department and the
selected sample size was 300. Data were collected through random sampling
technique. The questionnaires which returned backed were 242. 58
questionnaires were lost by the respondents.
Total
questionnaires
Return back
questionnaire
300
242
The data was coded first of all; the responses of the respondents were coded in
this way by using the five likert scale
RESPONSES
CODING
Highly disagree
1
Disagree
2
Neutral
3
Agree
4
Strongly agree
5
Then different types of tests are applied first of all the descriptive statistics of
survey items are given.
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Descriptive Analysis of Survey Items
The survey was based on 12 items, where the responses vary from 1 to 5; I
would like to explain with Table 1: the table given below is showing that total no
of responses were where the means value ranging between (1.08 to 4.5), its
means most of the responses were between disagree to strongly agree
because minimum value is more than 3 and maximum value is crossing the 4,
similarly the standard deviation which represents the variation in the data
ranging from (0.709 to 1.12), Table is given below:
Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Designation
241
1.00
5.00
1.1494
.55761
Monthly income
242
1.00
5.00
1.3636
.95544
I have positive attitudes
for others
241
1.00
5.00
4.4105
.63412
I acknowledge my
mistakes
241
2.00
5.00
3.4938
.60636
I apologize
242
1.00
5.00
4.5496
.59005
I resolve conflicts
242
2.00
5.00
4.3306
.71019
I am person of worth
241
1.00
5.00
4.2944
.77525
I have no of qualities
241
1.00
5.58
4.1642
.86117
I am much to be proud
242
1.00
5.00
3.9174
1.05127
I take positive attitude
242
2.00
5.00
4.1488
.80105
Valid N (listwise)
239
Reliability Measurement Technique
Reliability is measured through the Cronbach’s Alpha; this technique is used to
check the internal reliability between the variables.
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Table 2. Reliability Measurements Through Cronbach’s Alpha
CONSTRUCTS
VALID
N
NUMBER OF
ITEMS
CRONBACH’S
ALPHA
socioeconomic
status
249
2
.618
Social behavior
247
4
.60
Personal behavior
240
4
.68
The value of cronbach’s alpha varies from 0.60 to 0.70. The value of
cronbatch’s alpha should between 0.6 to 0.7, which is acceptable in literature as
Cronbach's alpha is a measurement normally cited by researchers to show that
tests and scales that have been developed or embraced for investigate
ventures are fit for reason. Writers frequently refer to alpha esteems with little
discourse to clarify why they feel this measurement is applicable and seldom
interpret the outcome. All the more truly, illustrative cases from the science
training literature exhibit that alpha might be worthy notwithstanding when there
are perceived issues with the scales concerned. Alpha is additionally
infrequently improperly used to guarantee an instrument is uni-dimensional but
there are values present on border line it means the internal consistency among
the components of the variables is present although not strong enough but
statistical techniques can be continued. According to (Taber, 2017) the value of
Alpha ranging between (0.61-0.65) is moderate and between (0.64-0.85) is
adequate.
Factor Analysis
In order to constructs whether they are valid or not, factor analysis was
conducted using PCA techniques with varimax rotation model.
Table 3. KMO and Bartlett’S Test
Constructs
No of
items
KMO MEASURE
OF SAMPL
ADEQUACY
BARTLETT’S
TEST OF
SPHERICITY
CHI SQUARE
BARTLETT’S
TEST OF
SPHERICITY
SIG.
socioeconomic
2
.5
103
.000
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status
Social behavior
4
.644
102.8
.000
Personal behavior
4
.722
145
.000
KMO test mainly conducted to make sure that all the combined components of
one variable have different information which is valuable or something similar
that would have no benefit future. Kaiser was an statistician which introduce a
few Kaiser added a few trimmings known as factor analysis approach with
Eigen values this is usually characterized by the principal component analysis
approach with Eigen values greater than 1 followed by the varimax rotation
(Release, 2016). Similarly the Bartlett test represents that all the constructs are
correlated to each other or not, the value of KMO varies between 0 to 1, the 0
indicates larger dispersion among components and 1 indicates that components
pattern is correlated, the KMO value 0.5 is considered to be poor and 0.6 is
acceptable and above it are better . In the above constructs the value of KMO is
more than 5 and even more than 6 in case of social interaction and personal
attitude which means further analysis can be run. The Bartlett test of sphericity
indicates the correlation between constructs which must be less than (p=0.05),
the above results are showing the (p=.000) and (p=0.04) its means all the
constructs are correlated in its components and further tests can be applied.
Eigenvalues
In table 4 the eigenvalues and total variance explained that how much the
selected constructs have the effect of inner components for example the
component 1 socioeconomic status which is consisted of 4 components
generating 1 component having (79.3% of total variance). The social behavior
(having 4 components) generating 1 component has (45.9% of total variance)
and the personal behavior which was also consisting of 4 components and has
generated 1 component has (51 % of total variance.
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Table 4. Eigenvalues and Total Variance Explained
Constructs
Components
Total
initial eignvalues
%age of
variance
explained
Cumulative
%age of
variance
explained
Socioeconomic
behavior
Component 1
1.586
79.320
79.320
Social behavior
Component 1
1.838
45.941
45.941
Personal behavior
Component 1
2.053
51.332
51.332
Factor Loading
In the table 5 components matrix the constructs validity can be measured, in the
components matrix table the value of each component of each variable must be
more than 0.4 which represents that data has valid construct validity, the table 5
given below the values are (0.842, 0.832, 0.82, 0.764, 0.812, 0.859, 0.815,
0.740, 0.775, 0.751, 0.889, 0.869). The above mentioned value showing that all
the components has value more than 0.4, its mean data has constructs validity
and can be proceed further.
Components Matrix
In the table 5 components matrix the constructs validity can be measured, in the
components matrix table the value of each component of each variable must be
more than 0.4 which represents that data has valid construct validity, the table 5
given below all values are more than 0.4 except the value of I acknowledge my
mistake which is 0.3.Its mean data has constructs validity and can be proceed
further.
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Table 5. Components Matrix
Linear Regression Analysis
The regression analysis in table 6 represents the significant or insignificant
relationship between variables. The value of t equal to and more than 2 is
significant and value of p less than 0.0 is significant, there are two independent
and two dependent variables in my model on which I applied the linear
regression to test them one by one. The relationship between the monthly
income and social behavior is significant with the values (β= 0.337, p=.003, t=
3.03)) whereas the relationship between the monthly income and personal
behavior is also significant with the values (β= 0.503, p=.000, t= 4.6) and in all
the above cases the value of t-test is more than 2.
Table 6. Regression Analyses
CONSTRUCTS
β VALUE
p VALUE
t VALUE
Monthly income with social behavior
0.337
.003
3.03
Monthly income with personal behavior
0.503
.000
4.6
Items
Components
Socioeconomic status
Designation
.891
Monthly income
.891
Social behavior
I have positive attitudes for others
.653
I acknowledge my mistakes
.687
I apologize
.725
I resolve conflicts
.643
Personal behavior
I am person of worth
.669
I have no of good qualities
.743
I am much to be proud
.788
I take positive attitude
.659
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In order to test the second component of social status which is designation we
have to apply the ANOVA, the designation of the employee is independent
variable and the social and personal behavior are going to be treated as
dependent variables.
One Way ANOVA
The relationship between the designation and social behavior is significant with
the value (p=0.007) and the relationship between the designation and personal
behavior is also significant with the value (p=0.000).
Table 7
CONSTRUCTS
p VALUE
designation with social behavior
0.007
designation with personal behavior
0.000
Post Hec Test
Post hoc test explain that the lecturer possess positive social behavior with the
value 0.whereas the associate professor possess 0.6133 positive behavior as
compared to lecturer and head of the department possess -0.444 (negative
social behavior) as compared to lecturer whereas the values of their relationship
are insignificant with the p values (p=0.706, p=0.864) and the lecturer has
significant relationship with social behavior with the value p=0.007.
The lecturer, associate professor and head of the department possess negative
insignificant relationship with the social behavior as compared to the asst.
professor which has significant negative relationship (-.83382979) with the
value 0.007.
The lecturer has negative relationship with the value (.22052911) with social
behavior as compared to the associate professor whereas the asst. prof
possess positive social behavior with the value (.22052911)and head of the
department also possess negative behavior as compared to the associate
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professor with the value (-1.05793158). Whereas these all have insignificant
relationship with social behavior.
Table 8. Post Hec Test
DEPENDE
NT
VARIABLE
Designation (I)
Designation
(J)
Mean difference
(I_J)
Sig.
SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR
Lecturer
Lecturer
.83382979
*
.007
associate
prof
.61330068
.706
head of
department
-.44463090
.864
Asst. prof
Lecturer
-.83382979
*
.007
associate
prof
-.22052911
.984
head of
department
-1.27846069
.167
Associate prof.
Lecturer
-.61330068
.706
Asst. Prof
.22052911
.984
head of
department
-1.05793158
.552
Head of department
Lecturer
.44463090
.864
Asst. prof
1.27846069
.167
Associate
prof
1.05793158
.552
PERSONAL
BEHAVIOR
lecturer
Lecturer
1.71212018
*
.000
associate
prof
1.65299908
*
.008
head of
department
-.81264064
.394
Asst. prof
Lecturer
-1.71212018
*
.000
associate
prof
-.05912110
1.000
head of
department
-2.52476082
*
.000
Associate prof.
Lecturer
-1.65299908
*
.008
Asst. prof
.05912110
1.000
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The lecturer associate professor head of the department possess positive social
behavior with the values (0.81, 2.52, 2.46) as compared to the associate
professor whereas the relationship between the social behavior and asst.
professor and associate professor has insignificant relationship with social
behavior.
The lecturer and associate professor has positive relationship with the values
(1.7, 1.6) as compared to lecture whereas the head of the department has
negative relationship with the value (0.8) and whereas the lecturer and
associate professor has significant relationship with personal behavior with the
p values (p=0.000, p=0.008).
The lecturer associate prof and head of the department possess negative
personal behavior with the value (-1.7, -0.05, -2.5) and also lecture and head of
the department has significant relationship with the p values (p=0.000, p=0.000)
The lecture and head of the department possess negative significant
relationship with personal behavior as compared to the associate professor with
the values (-1.6, -2.4) and p values (p=0.008, p=0.004) whereas the asst.
professor possess positive insignificant relationship with personal behavior.
The lecturer associate professor head of the department possess positive
personal behavior as compared to the associate professor whereas the
relationship between the social behavior and asst. professor and associate
professor is significant with the values (p=0.000, p=0.004).
Means Plots
Means plots are denoting the graphical representation of values of means
between the designation and social and personal behavior.
head of
department
-2.46563972
*
.004
Head of department
Lecturer
.81264064
.394
Asst. prof
2.52476082
*
.000
Associate
prof
2.46563972
*
.004
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Means Plot between Social & Personal Behavior and Designation
Discussion
The study of personality is a common subject from a decade but the
interrelation the behavioral pattern of personality with the social status was still
a gap which we try to find out. According to (Cobb & Schurer, 2013) Personality
is a cognitive skill that is inherited in nature and it is not driven by the economic
conditions. In contrast other author said personality is the predictor of academic
and economic success(Almlund et al., 2011). The selected variables are
explained theoretically well in the above sections to justify their selection, the
variable names socioeconomic status is itself measured on the basis of two
components, which are itself measured variables names designation and
monthly income, whereas the psychological behavior of women which is
dependent variable is itself a concept which is operationalized in the basis of
two dimensions (social behavior and personal behavior) whereas the both
behaviors consists of four items in each. The social and personal behaviors’
reliability is checked through the cronbatch’ Alpha, which has values more than
6 and less than 8 which are in acceptable range. There are wide varieties of
research articles in which researcher interpret and describes the value of Alpha
with its range. The value of Alpha ranging between (0.61-0.65) is moderate and
between (0.64-0.85) is adequate (Taber, 2017).
The dimensions of psychological behavior are reduce and squeeze into one
component through PCA and the sphericity and adequacy of data is checked
through KMO and Bartlett tests, the descriptive statistics and component matrix
of each item of dimensions are given in the above table 5.
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The relationship between the monthly income (which is the component of social
status) and the personal and social behavior (dimensions of psychological
behavior) is measured through linear regression, which are showing positive
significant relationship between the monthly income and personal and social
behavior. The relationship between the sex education race and between income
of family is significantly correlated to each other (Misra & Panigrahi, 1996). The
similar relationship between the monthly income and social behavior focus on
that point that with the increase in monthly income (social status) the social
behavior of women significantly changes as she show more positive behavior
for others, she acknowledge her mistakes wherever necessary, she also try to
resolve the conflicts among different members of her community and she
apologize wherever she feels necessary. And the relationship between the
monthly income and personal behavior is also significantly exist as she thinks
she has number of good qualities, she is person of worth, she has positive
attitude for herself and she feels proud on herself.
Whereas the relationship between the designation (component of social status)
and personal and social behavior is test through the one way ANOVA, which
not only tells the significance of the relationship but also the range of
relationship with each item of each variable, ANOVA also explain that the
relationship between the designation and personal and social behavior are
significant as showing in the table below. The relationship between the
designation and social behavior focus on that point that with the change in
social position (determinant of social status) the social behavior of women
significantly changes as she show more positive behavior for others, she
acknowledge her mistakes wherever necessary, she also try to resolve the
conflicts among different members of her community. Usually introvert women
are less conflict creating and have full control over their emotions (Akhavan,
Dehghani, Rajabpour & Pezeshkan, 2016). And she apologize wherever she
feels necessary. Individual social position always effects his behavior as the
socioeconomic status and the political condition are significantly related to each
other (Lin, Lasserre, Mai, Xiong & He, 2015). And the relationship between the
social position (designation) and personal behavior is also significantly exist as
she thinks she has number of good qualities, she is person of worth. Actually
the egoism is the self actualization which individual usually exhibits (Zabel,
2005), she has positive attitude for herself and she feels proud on herself.
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Conclusion
Social status is the symbol of individual’s worth, that’s why the persons having
high social status show different behavioral pattern as compared to the normal
status person. Personality traits of an individual always affected by the
environment in which he/she is living and the person to whom he is interacting.
Personality refers to the feelings self-perception and thinking style (Akhavan,
Dehghani &Rajabpour, 2016) . The women were my area of interest as the
women nature is really versatile; she used to change herself according to the
situation. According to my research as the social status of the women
considerably put impact on her behavior, she become more social as well as
more concerned about herself. The purpose of my research was to search the
relationship between the socioeconomic status and psychological behavior of
women.
And to test the relationship between the designation and social and personal
income the one way ANOVA was applied which also proved the significant
relationship between the designation and personal and social behavior. The
women although have high educational degree some time suffers with the same
social position as men due to differences in behavioral factors (Lahtinen &
Wilson, 1994). Thus the both dimensions of socioeconomic status have
significant relationship with the social and personal behavior which is the
dimensions of psychological behavior. Statistical analysis rejects the null
hypothesis and hence accepts the alternative hypothesis. And the research
proves that socioeconomic status has significant impact on the psychological
behavior of the women. One of the researcher also claim that after applying the
regression he find out that that optimism and psychological behavior are
significantly correlated (Fiksenbaum et al., 2010).
Table 9
Hypotheses
Regression
results (p
value)
Anova
results (p
value)
Relationship
Designation has relationship with the social
behavior of women
0.007
Significant
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Designation has relationship with the personal
behavior of women
0.000
Significant
Monthly income has relationship with the social
behavior of women
0.003
Significant
Monthly income has relationship with the
personal behavior of women
0.000
Significant
Further research could be done to test the relationship between the
socioeconomic status and psychological behavior of men as well as the
psychological behavior of women other than higher education institutions can
also be examined. Furthermore the comparative study can be done on both
men and women behavioral factors. This study is not only helpful for higher
education institution to making policy to control such behavioral factors but also
for students in educational institutions (many teachers on higher ranks are
seems to be uncooperative). Recommendations are that session/seminars
should be conducted in the premises of colleges and universities to control such
negative behaviors.
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