Contenido del artículo principal
Resumen
El presente artículo realiza una aproximación teórica a la realidad social y de la educación musical en educación primaria en de la República Popular China, trazando un recorrido que permite conocer los antecedentes y la actualidad de estos aspectos. El trabajo se organiza en cuatro apartados. El primero analiza las características generales del sistema social y económico chino; el segundo se centra en la evolución y situación actual del sistema educativo, atendiendo especialmente a las reformas introducidas por el Estado a lo largo del siglo XX y a las características principales de la educación primaria; el tercer capítulo está dedicado a la educación artístico-musical en la educación primaria china, estableciendo sus conexiones con el contexto sociopolítico, definiendo las características y perspectivas actuales de la educación musical general en el país, sin olvidar las especificidades de las Regiones Administrativas Especiales de Hong Kong, Macao y otros lugares distintivos de la República Popular China. Finaliza el artículo con unas conclusiones que sintetizan los hallazgos principales encontrados en la revisión teórica realizada.
Palabras clave
Detalles del artículo
Referencias
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- Chan, K. (2016). Moral Crisis and Confucian Resurrection: New Three-Word Classic in China. Araucaria, 18(35), 87-104. doi: 10.12795/araucaria.2016.i35.05
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- Choi, L., & Li, V. (2017). The role of higher education in China’s inclusive urbanization. Cities, 60, 504-510. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.04.008
- Curriculum Development Council (2003). Arts Education Key Learning Area. Music Curriculum Guide (Primary 1-Secondary 3). Hong Kong: Education Bureau. Recuperado de http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/kla/arts-edu/references/music%20complete%20guide_eng.pdf
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- Dai, X., & Renn, D. (2016). China and International Order: The Limits of Integration. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 21(2), 177-197. doi: 10.1007/s11366-016-9403-5
- Fisac, T. (2016). Revolución, política y propaganda en la China contemporánea. Araucaria, 18(35), 105-125. doi: 10.12795/araucaria.2016.i35.06
- Friedman, E. (2016). ¿Una nueva izquierda en China? Nueva Sociedad, 261, 161-167.
- Gao, Q., Yan, Z., Wei, C., Liang, Y., & Mo, L. (2017). Three different roles, five different aspects: Differences and similarities in viewing school mobile phone policies among teachers, parents, and students. Computers & Education, 106, 13-25. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.007
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- Goodman, D. (2014). Middle Class China: Dreams and Aspirations. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 19(1), 49-67. doi: 10.1007/s11366-013-9275-x
- Government Information Bureau of the Macao Special Administrative Region (2016). Macao Yearbook 2016. Macao: Government Information Bureau. Recuperado de http://yearbook.gcs.gov.mo/uploads/book/2016/myb2016e.pdf
- Hargreaves, D. J., & North, A. C. (Eds.) (2001). Musical development and learning: The international perspective (pp. 27-39). London: Continuum.
- Hernández, A., & Cascón, R. (2016). Un análisis comparativo de los sistemas de formación profesional en Extremo Oriente: los casos de China, Taiwán, Corea del Sur y Japón. Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, (17), 169-198.
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- Ho, W. (2006). Social change and nationalism in China’s popular songs. Social History, 31(4), 435-453. doi: 10.1080/03071020600944876
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- Ho, W. (2010). Moral education in China’s music education: Development and challenges. International Journal of Music Education, 28(1), 71-87. doi: 10.1177/0255761409351351
- Ho, W. (2011). China: socio-political constructions of school music. In G. Cox & R. Stevens (Eds.), The Origins and Foundations of Music Education: Cross-Cultural Historical Studies of Music in Compulsory Schooling (pp. 189-204). London-New York: Continuum.
- Ho, W. (2012). Music education in Shanghai from 1895 to 1945: the cultural politics of singing. Music Education Research, 14(2), 187-207. doi: 10.1080/14613808.2012.685461
- Ho, W. (2013b). Globalisation and localisation in music education in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Comparative Education, 49(2), 163-180. doi: 10.1080/03050068.2012.686678
- Ho, W. (2014). Music education curriculum and social change: a study of popular music in secondary schools in Beijing, China. Music Education Research, 16(3), 267-289. doi: 10.1080/14613808.2014.910182
- Ho, W. (2016a). A comparative review of music education in mainland China and the United States: From nationalism to multiculturalism. The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, 5(2), 38-57.
- Ho, W. (2016b). Students’ experiences with popular music: the case of Beijing, China. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 36(1), 145-164. doi: 10.1080/02188791.2014.924392
- Ho, W., & Law, W. (2004). Values, music and education in China. Music Education Research, 6(2), 149-167. doi: 10.1080/1461380042000222564
- Ho, W., & Law, W. (2006). Students’ music experiences, society and culture: music education in Shanghai, China. Music Education Research, 8(1), 47-64. doi: 10.1080/14613800600570728
- Ho, W., & Law, W. (2009). The struggle between globalisation, nationalism and music education in Hong Kong. Music Education Research, 11(4), 439-456. doi: 10.1080/14613800903390741
- Ho, W., & Law, W. (2012). The Cultural Politics of Introducing Popular Music into China’s Music Education. Popular Music and Society, 35(3), 399-425. doi: 10.1080/03007766.2011.567916
- Ho, W., & Law, W. (2014). Gender, Popular Music, and Music Learning in China’s Shanghai. Visions of Research in Music Education, 28, 1-35.
- Ho., W. (2017). Popular Music, Cultural Politics and Music Education in China. New York: Routledge.
- Huang, Y. (2011). Can virtue be taught and how? Confucius on the paradox of moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 40(2), 141-159. doi: 10.1080/03057240.2011.568096
- Hughes, C. (2017). Militarism and the China Model: The Case of National Defense Education. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(103), 54-67. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2016.1206280
- International Bureau for Education (2007). Educational Reform and Curriculum Change in China: A Comparative Case Study. Recuperado de http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/COPs/Pages_documents/Comparative_Research/EduReformChina.pdf
- International Qualifications Assessment Service (2016). International Education Guide for the Assessment of Education from China. Edmonton: Government of Alberta-IQAS. Recuperado de https://www.alberta.ca/documents/IQAS/china-international-education-guide.pdf
- Jia, Q., & Ericson, D. (2017). Equity and access to higher education in China: Lessons from Hunan province for university admissions policy. International Journal of Educational Development, 52, 97-110. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.10.011
- Jilin Provincial Bureau of Statistic (2016). Jilin Statistical Yearbook 2016. Beijing: China Statistic Press. Recuperado de http://tjj.jl.gov.cn/tjnj/2016/ml/indexe.htm
- Kang, L. (2012). Searching for a New Cultural Identity: China’s soft power and media culture today. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(78), 915-931. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2012.701032
- Knight, J., Quheng, D., & Shi, L. (2017). China’s expansion of higher education: The labour market consequences of a supply shock. China Economic Review, 43(1), 127-141. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2017.01.008
- Law, H., & Ho, W. (2015). Popular music and school music education: Chinese students’ preferences and dilemmas in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Music Education, 33(3), 304-324. doi: 10.1177/0255761415569115
- Law, W. (2014). Understanding China’s curriculum reform for the 21st century. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 46(3), 332-360. doi: 10.1080/00220272.2014.883431
- Lee, W. (2008). The development of citizenship education curriculum in Hong Kong after 1997: Tensions between national identity and global citizenship. In D. L. Grossman, W. O. Lee, & K. J. Kennedy (Eds.), Citizenship curriculum in Asia and the Pacific (pp. 29-42). Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. Recuperado de http://repository.lib.eduhk.hk/jspui/handle/2260.2/8789
- Liao, X., & Egido, I. (2016). La internacionalización de la educación superior en China. Revista Española de Educación Comparada, 28, 257-276. doi: 10.5944/reec.28.2016.16643
- Liu, J. (2010). A Critical History of New Music in China. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
- Mervart, D. (2016). The Point of the Centre: Present and Past Discourses of “China”-hood. Araucaria, 18(35), 127-150. doi: 10.12795/araucaria.2016.i35.07
- Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (2016). Guía para docentes y asesores españoles en China. Beijing: Consejería de Educación, Embajada de España.
- Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Pekín (2013). El sector de la educación en la República Popular China. Otros Documentos. Madrid: ICEX España Exportación e Inversiones. Recuperado de http://www.iberchina.org/files/china_educacion.pdf
- Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2016). Education in China A Snapshot. París: OECD. Recuperado de https://www.oecd.org/china/Education-in-China-a-snapshot.pdf
- Praj, D., & Restrepo, J. (2017). The geopolitics of the chinese reform. Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategias y Seguridad, 12(1), 51-72. doi: 10.18359/ries.2464
- Ramírez, R. (2016). La historia de China desde su propia óptica. Una historia en “espiral”. La Albolafia. Revista de Humanidades y Cultura, 7, 141-168.
- Rao, J., & Ye, J. (2016). From a virtuous cycle of rural-urban education to urban-oriented rural basic education in China: An explanation of the failure of China’s Rural School Mapping Adjustment policy. Journal of Rural Studies, 47, 601-611. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.005
- Ríos, X. (2012). Balance y expectativas sobre los derechos humanos en China. Anuario CEIPAZ, 4, 121-136.
- Schneller, C. (2009). De la ayuda a la asociación: nuevos paradigmas de cooperación en la educación superior entre Europa y Asia. Anuario Asia Pacífico, 1, 283-289. Recuperado de http://www.anuarioasiapacifico.es/2009/esp/presentacion
- Skoric, M., Zhu, Q., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media, political expression, and participation in Confucian Asia. Chinese Journal of Communication, 9(4), 331-347. doi: 10.1080/17544750.2016.1143378
- Sun, Z., & Leung, B. (2014). A survey of rural primary school music education in Northeastern China. International Journal of Music Education, 32(4), 437-461. doi: 10.1177/0255761413491197
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Referencias
Berengueras, M. (2012). Sistema educativo de la República Popular China. Avances en Supervisión Educativa, 17, 1-19. Recuperado de https://avances.adide.org/index.php/ase/article/view/522/362
Chan, K. (2016). Moral Crisis and Confucian Resurrection: New Three-Word Classic in China. Araucaria, 18(35), 87-104. doi: 10.12795/araucaria.2016.i35.05
Chen, H., Chan, M., & Lee, F. (2016). Social media use and democratic engagement: a comparative study of Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China. Chinese Journal of Communication, 9(4), 348-366. doi: 10.1080/17544750.2016.1210182
Chen, K. H., Huang, Y. J., & Yang, C. H. (2009). Analysis of regional productivity growth in China: A generalized metafrontier MPI approach. China Economic Review, 20(4), 777-792. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2009.05.003
Chi, Ch., & Cheung, W. (2016). Media Power in Hong Kong: Hiper-marketized media and cultural resistance. London-New York: Routledge.
China Education and Research Network (2001). Basic Education. Art Education In China (I-II). Tsinghua University: MOE. Recuperado de http://www.edu.cn/education_1393/index.shtml
Choi, L., & Li, V. (2017). The role of higher education in China’s inclusive urbanization. Cities, 60, 504-510. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.04.008
Curriculum Development Council (2003). Arts Education Key Learning Area. Music Curriculum Guide (Primary 1-Secondary 3). Hong Kong: Education Bureau. Recuperado de http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/kla/arts-edu/references/music%20complete%20guide_eng.pdf
Curriculum Development Council (2017). Arts Education Key Learning Area Curriculum Guide (Primary 1-Secondary 6). Draft, May 2017. Hong Kong: Education Bureau. Recuperado de http://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/renewal/AE/AE_KLACG_eng_draft_2017_05.pdf
Dai, X., & Renn, D. (2016). China and International Order: The Limits of Integration. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 21(2), 177-197. doi: 10.1007/s11366-016-9403-5
Fisac, T. (2016). Revolución, política y propaganda en la China contemporánea. Araucaria, 18(35), 105-125. doi: 10.12795/araucaria.2016.i35.06
Friedman, E. (2016). ¿Una nueva izquierda en China? Nueva Sociedad, 261, 161-167.
Gao, Q., Yan, Z., Wei, C., Liang, Y., & Mo, L. (2017). Three different roles, five different aspects: Differences and similarities in viewing school mobile phone policies among teachers, parents, and students. Computers & Education, 106, 13-25. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.007
Goh, C., Luo, X. B., & Zhu, N. (2009). Income growth, inequality and poverty reduction: A case study of eight provinces in China. China Economic Review, 20(3), 485-496. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2008.10.008
Goodman, D. (2014). Middle Class China: Dreams and Aspirations. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 19(1), 49-67. doi: 10.1007/s11366-013-9275-x
Government Information Bureau of the Macao Special Administrative Region (2016). Macao Yearbook 2016. Macao: Government Information Bureau. Recuperado de http://yearbook.gcs.gov.mo/uploads/book/2016/myb2016e.pdf
Hargreaves, D. J., & North, A. C. (Eds.) (2001). Musical development and learning: The international perspective (pp. 27-39). London: Continuum.
Hernández, A., & Cascón, R. (2016). Un análisis comparativo de los sistemas de formación profesional en Extremo Oriente: los casos de China, Taiwán, Corea del Sur y Japón. Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, (17), 169-198.
Ho, W. (2003). Westernization and social transformations in Chinese music education, 1895-1949. History of Education, 32(3), 289-301. doi: 10.1080/00467600304145
Ho, W. (2006). Social change and nationalism in China’s popular songs. Social History, 31(4), 435-453. doi: 10.1080/03071020600944876
Ho, W. (2007). Students’ experiences with and preferences for using information technology in music learning in Shanghai’s secondary schools. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), 699-714. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00643.x
Ho, W. (2009). La cultura popular en la educación china. En A. Sánchez & M. Melo (Comps.), Qué saber para enseñar a estudiantes chinos (pp. 45-72). Buenos Aires: Voces del Sur.
Ho, W. (2010). Moral education in China’s music education: Development and challenges. International Journal of Music Education, 28(1), 71-87. doi: 10.1177/0255761409351351
Ho, W. (2011). China: socio-political constructions of school music. In G. Cox & R. Stevens (Eds.), The Origins and Foundations of Music Education: Cross-Cultural Historical Studies of Music in Compulsory Schooling (pp. 189-204). London-New York: Continuum.
Ho, W. (2012). Music education in Shanghai from 1895 to 1945: the cultural politics of singing. Music Education Research, 14(2), 187-207. doi: 10.1080/14613808.2012.685461
Ho, W. (2013b). Globalisation and localisation in music education in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Comparative Education, 49(2), 163-180. doi: 10.1080/03050068.2012.686678
Ho, W. (2014). Music education curriculum and social change: a study of popular music in secondary schools in Beijing, China. Music Education Research, 16(3), 267-289. doi: 10.1080/14613808.2014.910182
Ho, W. (2016a). A comparative review of music education in mainland China and the United States: From nationalism to multiculturalism. The International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, 5(2), 38-57.
Ho, W. (2016b). Students’ experiences with popular music: the case of Beijing, China. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 36(1), 145-164. doi: 10.1080/02188791.2014.924392
Ho, W., & Law, W. (2004). Values, music and education in China. Music Education Research, 6(2), 149-167. doi: 10.1080/1461380042000222564
Ho, W., & Law, W. (2006). Students’ music experiences, society and culture: music education in Shanghai, China. Music Education Research, 8(1), 47-64. doi: 10.1080/14613800600570728
Ho, W., & Law, W. (2009). The struggle between globalisation, nationalism and music education in Hong Kong. Music Education Research, 11(4), 439-456. doi: 10.1080/14613800903390741
Ho, W., & Law, W. (2012). The Cultural Politics of Introducing Popular Music into China’s Music Education. Popular Music and Society, 35(3), 399-425. doi: 10.1080/03007766.2011.567916
Ho, W., & Law, W. (2014). Gender, Popular Music, and Music Learning in China’s Shanghai. Visions of Research in Music Education, 28, 1-35.
Ho., W. (2017). Popular Music, Cultural Politics and Music Education in China. New York: Routledge.
Huang, Y. (2011). Can virtue be taught and how? Confucius on the paradox of moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 40(2), 141-159. doi: 10.1080/03057240.2011.568096
Hughes, C. (2017). Militarism and the China Model: The Case of National Defense Education. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(103), 54-67. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2016.1206280
International Bureau for Education (2007). Educational Reform and Curriculum Change in China: A Comparative Case Study. Recuperado de http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/COPs/Pages_documents/Comparative_Research/EduReformChina.pdf
International Qualifications Assessment Service (2016). International Education Guide for the Assessment of Education from China. Edmonton: Government of Alberta-IQAS. Recuperado de https://www.alberta.ca/documents/IQAS/china-international-education-guide.pdf
Jia, Q., & Ericson, D. (2017). Equity and access to higher education in China: Lessons from Hunan province for university admissions policy. International Journal of Educational Development, 52, 97-110. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.10.011
Jilin Provincial Bureau of Statistic (2016). Jilin Statistical Yearbook 2016. Beijing: China Statistic Press. Recuperado de http://tjj.jl.gov.cn/tjnj/2016/ml/indexe.htm
Kang, L. (2012). Searching for a New Cultural Identity: China’s soft power and media culture today. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(78), 915-931. doi: 10.1080/10670564.2012.701032
Knight, J., Quheng, D., & Shi, L. (2017). China’s expansion of higher education: The labour market consequences of a supply shock. China Economic Review, 43(1), 127-141. doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2017.01.008
Law, H., & Ho, W. (2015). Popular music and school music education: Chinese students’ preferences and dilemmas in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Music Education, 33(3), 304-324. doi: 10.1177/0255761415569115
Law, W. (2014). Understanding China’s curriculum reform for the 21st century. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 46(3), 332-360. doi: 10.1080/00220272.2014.883431
Lee, W. (2008). The development of citizenship education curriculum in Hong Kong after 1997: Tensions between national identity and global citizenship. In D. L. Grossman, W. O. Lee, & K. J. Kennedy (Eds.), Citizenship curriculum in Asia and the Pacific (pp. 29-42). Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong. Recuperado de http://repository.lib.eduhk.hk/jspui/handle/2260.2/8789
Liao, X., & Egido, I. (2016). La internacionalización de la educación superior en China. Revista Española de Educación Comparada, 28, 257-276. doi: 10.5944/reec.28.2016.16643
Liu, J. (2010). A Critical History of New Music in China. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
Mervart, D. (2016). The Point of the Centre: Present and Past Discourses of “China”-hood. Araucaria, 18(35), 127-150. doi: 10.12795/araucaria.2016.i35.07
Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (2016). Guía para docentes y asesores españoles en China. Beijing: Consejería de Educación, Embajada de España.
Oficina Económica y Comercial de la Embajada de España en Pekín (2013). El sector de la educación en la República Popular China. Otros Documentos. Madrid: ICEX España Exportación e Inversiones. Recuperado de http://www.iberchina.org/files/china_educacion.pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2016). Education in China A Snapshot. París: OECD. Recuperado de https://www.oecd.org/china/Education-in-China-a-snapshot.pdf
Praj, D., & Restrepo, J. (2017). The geopolitics of the chinese reform. Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategias y Seguridad, 12(1), 51-72. doi: 10.18359/ries.2464
Ramírez, R. (2016). La historia de China desde su propia óptica. Una historia en “espiral”. La Albolafia. Revista de Humanidades y Cultura, 7, 141-168.
Rao, J., & Ye, J. (2016). From a virtuous cycle of rural-urban education to urban-oriented rural basic education in China: An explanation of the failure of China’s Rural School Mapping Adjustment policy. Journal of Rural Studies, 47, 601-611. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.005
Ríos, X. (2012). Balance y expectativas sobre los derechos humanos en China. Anuario CEIPAZ, 4, 121-136.
Schneller, C. (2009). De la ayuda a la asociación: nuevos paradigmas de cooperación en la educación superior entre Europa y Asia. Anuario Asia Pacífico, 1, 283-289. Recuperado de http://www.anuarioasiapacifico.es/2009/esp/presentacion
Skoric, M., Zhu, Q., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media, political expression, and participation in Confucian Asia. Chinese Journal of Communication, 9(4), 331-347. doi: 10.1080/17544750.2016.1143378
Sun, Z., & Leung, B. (2014). A survey of rural primary school music education in Northeastern China. International Journal of Music Education, 32(4), 437-461. doi: 10.1177/0255761413491197
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